第五讲 五个基本句型
五个基本句型:
根据动词的特性,构成英语中五个基本句型:
1) 主语 系动词 表语
2) 主语 不及物动词 ( 其他成分)
3) 主语 及物动词 宾语
4) 主语 及物动词 双宾语
5) 主语 及物动词 宾语 宾语补足语
我们在学习5个基本句型时,主要关心每个句型中的出题点在哪里。
(一)第一句型:主语 系动词 表语
1) 系动词一般为be 动词。
注意:look, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, BECome, come, go, turn, grow, keep, seem, stand等词可以作"半系动词"用,按行为动词方式变化,起系动词的作用。
试验比较:
—— he felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.(他摸遍了口袋但没有找到一分钱。—— feel为行为动词)
—— you look pale. do you feel unwell? (你脸色苍白,感到不舒服?—— look / feel为系动词)
一般来说,动词后面跟的是个形容词或名词,该动词为系动词, 如:the plan sounds perfect. / the flower smells nice. / the dish tastes delicious. / it is getting dark.
实例:
"don't worry. let me take your pulse first." "oh, it ______ normal." (脉搏正常)
a. is felt
b. is feeling
c. feels
d. felt
解题思路:normal为形容词,前面应为系动词;系动词没有被动语态,故a不对; look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等半系动词一般不用进行时,b也不对;d时态错了,故正确答案为c.
2)there be是英语中非常重要的一个句型: there是引导词,不解释 "那里"; 这是个倒装句, 主语在be动词的后面, be动词的单复数由后面的主语决定。
注意中国学生容易搞错的问题:
there isn't enough furniture in the room.(房间里家具不够)
错:there hasn't enough furniture in the room.
there is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in china.(毫无疑问,中国已消灭天花。)
错:it is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in china.
there is ample evidence that aids is spreading quickly in asia. (充分证据表明,爱滋病正在亚洲迅速蔓延。—— 同位语从句)
错:it is evidence that aids is spreading quickly in asia. (可以: it is evident that aids is spreading quickly in asia. - 主语从句)
(二)第二句型:主语 不及物动词 ( 其他成分)
在这个句型中主要注意及物动词与不及物动词的区分:
不及物动词 及物动词
rise /rose / risen(升起) raise /raised / raised (提高)
arise / arose / arisen (from)(产生) arouse / aroused / aroused(唤起)
lie / lay / lain(躺下) lay / laid / laid(放下)
arrive at(到达) reach(到达)
wait for(等待) await(等待)
remain(仍旧) maintain(保持,维修)
*上面所注仅为典型词义,要根据句子判别其他意思。
此外,该句型常采用倒装形式,注意辨别,主要是以下两种情况:
1) 用here 或 there引导:here comes the bus. (汽车来了。) / there rings the bell. (铃响了。)
2) 在动词 介词短语的结构中,往往将介词短语提前:on the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.(山顶上有一座漂亮的小房子。)
(三)第三句型:主语 及物动词 宾语
我们知道,名词可以做主语和宾语,非谓语动词 -ing和 to do也可以做主语和宾语,
作主语:
learning a foreign language is not easy.(学门外语并不容易。)
to learn a foreign language is not easy. (= it is not easy to learn a foreign language.)
从语法角度讲,上述两个表达方式都可以。
但是,当动词处于宾语位置时,就不能这样"随心所欲"了,因为英语语法有以下几个规定:
1)acknowledge / admit / appreciate / avoid / consider / contemplate / defer / deny / dislike / enjoy / escape / evade / excuse / facilitate / fancy / favor / feel like / finish / give up / cannot help / cannot stand / imagine / include / keep (on) / do not mind / miss / permit / practice / regret / resent / risk / suggest 等词后面的动词宾语必须用-ing 形式,重点和首先要掌握黑体字部分。由于这些次的词义与解题关系不大,没有给出具体词义解释。若需要,请学生自己查字典解决。
这是语法考试的一个重点,要对以上词特别敏感,例如:
it is impossible to avoid ______ by the stormy weather.
a. being much affected
b. having much affected
c. to be much affected
d. to have been much affected
解题思路:1)一看到avoid一词,便可确定正确答案在a、b中; 2)affect意为"影响",及物动词,故b不对。[如果做题时间来不及,此类题目若有"主动语态"和"被动语态"之分,一般选"被动语态"的正确率高些。]
2) remember / forget:后面既可跟 -ing, 也可跟 to do,但意思不一样:to do表示说话时还没有发生的事,-ing表示对已经发生过事的回忆,如:"我昨天出门时忘了关窗了。"显然是指出门时还没有做的事,因此用to do形式;"我不记得以前见过你。"显然是指说话以前的事,因此用 -ing形式,即:
i forgot to close the windows when i left home yesterday.
i don't remember seeing you before.
因此,除了知道这个规定外,分清"发生过"还是"没有发生"是解题的关键。
实例:
do you remember ______ to professor smith during your last visit?
a. to have been introduced
b. having introduced
c. being introduced
d. to be introduced
解题思路:1)第一步要确定"发生过"还是"没有发生",即a、d还是b、c,"你记得上次访问时被介绍给smith教授的情况吗?"显然是已发生的事,选b、c;2)"introduce"(介绍)后没有宾语,说明是"被动语态:,故选c [再看一下上一节中的 "解题思路"]
3)need / want / require等解释为"需要"时,有两种表达方式,如:
"这间会客室需要打扫一下"
a.this waiting room needs to be cleaned. (to 被动式)
b.this waiting room needs cleaning.(-ing主动式)
考试时若同时出现两种选择,选b
4)look forward to / object to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / oppose to中的 "to" 是介词,后面应跟名词或动名词-ing