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考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记五

发布时间: 2008-11-26 23:03:04 作者: dw1209

TEXT 3
  Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise"-the random byproducts of the neural repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off line." And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It’s your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center, "if you don’t like it, change it."
  Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr.Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the "emotional brain") is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex(the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day," says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
  The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.
  And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
  At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.
   31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams .
  [A] can be modified in their courses
  [B] are susceptible to emotional changes
  [C] reflect our innermost desires and fears
  [D] are a random outcome of neural repairs
   32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show .
  [A] its function in our dreams
  [B] the mechanism of REM sleep
  [C] the relation of dreams to emotions
  [D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex
   33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to .
  [A] aggravate in our unconscious mind
  [B] develop into happy dreams
  [C] persist till the time we fall asleep
  [D] show up in dreams early at night
   34. Cartwright seems to suggest that .
  [A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams
  [B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control
  [C] dreams should be left to their natural progression
  [D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious
   35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?
  [A] Lead your life as usual.
  [B] Seek professional help.
  [C] Exercise conscious control.
  [D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.

aggravate3 v.恶化,加重,加剧
   anxiety3 n.①挂念,焦虑,焦急,忧虑;②渴望,热望
   attention14 n.①注意(力),留心;②立正
   author69 n.①作者;②创始人
   authority6 n.①权力,威信,权威;②权威者,有权威性的典籍;③[pl.]当局,官方
   avoid9 v.避免,回避,逃避
   chair4 n.①椅子;②主席(职位);vt.主持,担任
   component4 n.①组成部分;②成分;③部件;a.组成的,合成的
   conscious5 a.①(of)意识到的,自觉的;②有意识的,神志清醒的
   daytime1 n.白天,日间
   depress1 v.①压抑,降低;②使沮丧,压下
   disguise2 n./v.假装,伪装
   economic23 a.经济(上)的,经济学的
   emotion4 n.情绪,情感
   essential11 a.①(to)必要的,必不可少的;②本质的,基本的;n.①本质,要点;②必需品
   evidence14 n.①根据,证据;②形迹,迹象
   formulate3 v.①构想,规划;②系统地阐述
   function10 n.①功能,作用;②[pl.]职务,职责;③函数;v.起作用
   generate4 v.产生,发生
   harness1 v.治理,利用
   identify10 v.①识别,鉴别,认明,认同;②(with)把...和...看成一样,打成一片
   intend15 v.想要,打算,企图
   involve20 v.①卷入,陷入,连累;②包含,含有,涉及
   lead21 v.①领导,引导;②领先,占首位;③(to)通向,导致,引起;④经历,过(生活);n.带领,引导;n.铅
   leading5 a.①主导的,重要的;②主要的;③引领的
   link9 v.连接,联系;n.环节,链环
   literally2 ad.①照字面意义,逐字地;②确实;③简直,差不多
   logic1 n.逻辑,逻辑学
   mechanism6 n.①机械装置,机构;②机制
   modify3 v.更改,修改,修饰
   mood2 n.①心情,情绪;②语气
   negative4 a.①否定的,消极的,反面的;②负的,阴性的;n.①负数;②(摄影)底片
   nightmare1 n.梦魇,恶梦,可怕的事物
   occupy2 v.①占,占用;②占据,占领;③填满;④忙于,从事
   outcome4 n.结果,成果
   panic2 n.惊慌,恐慌;v.使惊慌,使恐慌
   persist2 v.(in)坚持,持续
   powerful10 a.强大的,有力的,有权的
   process34 n.①过程,进程;②工序,制作法;③工艺;v.加工,处理
   professional15 a.职业的,专业的,专门的;n.专家,专业人员
   psychology7 n.心理学,心理
   random3 a.随机的,随意的;n.随机,随意
   reason26 n.①理由,原因;②理性,理智;v.①推论,推理;②说服,评理;③讨论,辩论
   recur2 vi.复发,重现,再来
   reflect8 v.①反映,表现;②反省,考虑;③反射
   regulate3 v.①管制,控制;②调节,校准
   revolutionary1 a.革命的,革新的;n.革命者
   rid1 v.(of)使摆脱,使去掉
   significance5 n.①意义,含义;②重要性,重大
   susceptible1 a.易受影响的,易感动的;n.(因缺乏免疫力而)易得病的人
   suspect1 v.疑心,怀疑;n.嫌疑犯,可疑分子
   suspend2 v.①吊,悬挂;②推迟,暂停
   switch4 n.①开关;②转换;v.转变,转移
   system31 n.①系统,体系;②制度,体制
   tend26 v.①趋向,往往是;②照料,看护
   theory20 n.①理论,原理;②学说,见解,看法;③看法,观点
   view28 n.①景象,风景;②观点,见解;③观察,观看;④眼界;v.看待,观察,考虑
   vivid2 a.①鲜艳的;②生动的,栩栩如生的
   byproduct1 n.副产品
   cortex1 n.(植物的)皮层,树皮;(脑或肾的)皮层,皮质
   emotional7 a.情绪的,情感的
   imaging1 n.透视显像,成像技术
   innermost1 a.最里面的,内心的,秘密的
   insecurity3 n.不安全,不安全感
   intellect8 n.智力
   intensely1 ad.激烈地,热情地
   limbic1 a.边缘的
   neural1 a.神经系统的,神经中枢的,背的
   neurologist1 n.神经学家
   persistent2 a.持久的
   prefrontal1 a.额叶前部的,前额的
   reasoning7 n.推理;推论
   relatively4 ad.相关地
   suffering7 n.痛苦;困难
   terrorism1 n.恐怖主义,恐怖活动
   therapist1 n.治疗专家
   thermostat1 n.自动调节器,自动调温器
   uncertainty1 n.不确定,不可靠
   unconscious3 a.不省人事,未发觉的,无意识的;n.无意识
   upsetting3 a.令人心烦意乱的,令人苦恼的
   visualize2 v.想像,显现

难句1
  A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise"-the random byproducts of the neural repair work that goes on during sleep.
  [结构分析]
  1. 本句为分号隔开的两个分句;
  2. 第一个分句主干为:...Freud formulated his revolutionary theory...,后面是一个that引导的同位语从句修饰theory;
  3. 第二个分句主干为:...neurologists switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise",破折号后面的是对mental noise的补充说明;
  [本句难点]本句主要是从句关系复杂,且包含同位语从句以及破折号之后的补充说明成分;
  [方法对策]根据分号可以看出本句为两个并列分句,然后找出各自的句子主干,对于同位语从句以及破折号后面的补充说明成分,第一遍阅读可以不读;
  [例句精译]一个世纪前,弗洛伊德开创了他革命性的理论,即,梦是我们潜意识里愿望和恐惧伪装的影子。到了20世纪70年代,神经学专家又转而把梦视作"精神上的杂音"--睡梦中神经修复工作的随机性副产品。
  难句2
  And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.
  [结构分析]
  1. 本句主干结构是:one leading authority says + that引导的宾语从句;
  2. 宾语从句中,使用了 not only...but (also) 的结构;
  3. 逗号后面的动词不定式作为状语,修饰brought under conscious control;
  [本句难点]主要是宾语从句对阅读速度的影响;
  [方法对策]注意到宾语从句中使用了not only...but (also) 结构,本句就比较好理解了;
  [例句精译]一位著名的权威说做梦这些精密的强有力的大脑事件,不仅可以利用,而且还可以有意识的加以控制,以达到有助睡眠和感觉良好的目的。
  难句3
  Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.
  [结构分析]
  1. 本句主干结构是:Most people seem to have more bad dreams...;
  2. 现在分词短语progressing...作状语修饰主句;
  3. 现在分词短语suggesting + that从句作状语,是对前面两个分句状态的解释说明;
  [本句难点]主要是两个现在分词短语的把握;
  [方法对策]本句主句比较好找,关键在于把握住后面两个现在分词作状语的层次,后一个是对主句和第一个现在分词短语描述状态的总结;
  [例句精译]大多数人在前半夜做噩梦,而快醒时转成好梦,这说明他们在梦中正在努力化解白天所产生的消极情绪。
  难句4
  At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in panic," Cartwright says.
   [结构分析]
  1. 本句主干部分是:...there probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams...;
  2. unless引导的是条件状语从句,使用了keep...from...的词组结构;
  [本句难点]主要是unless引导的状语从句在后面影响理解;
  [方法对策]找出主句主干,然后再分析unless引导的条件状语从句;
  [例句精译]Cartwright说,一天快结束时,我们根本没有什么理由来关注梦,除非它使我们难以入眠或使我们在恐惧中惊醒。
  31. [答案] A
  [解析]这是一篇科普文章,谈到了做梦的事情。既然问题是:"研究人员现在已经逐渐明白梦"。(注意:have come to do sth.是个重要句式,"现在逐渐......"的意思,有now,by and by 和now,gradually之意),既然是now,就不能从"A century ago...",和"by the late 1970s..."中找答案,而应从"Now..."后边找。(上述三处为本题关键性的信号词)。而现在最新的权威结论是:"It your dream,if you don like it,change it."故选A,尤其是A把原文的change换成了同义词modify,更应该是答案。因为细节性问题越是不抄原句而换一个说法的,越可能是正确答案。出题人换一个词是为了迷惑考生,让你找答案比较困难,这几乎是个规律。至于本题的C,是一个世纪前弗洛伊德的看法;D是上世纪70年代的观点;都与"now"无关。至于B,第一段中并没有此说法。
  32.[答案] C
  [解析]问题是:"(第二段)提到limbic system,作者打算说明",注意:limbic来自limb一词,指人的肢体、手、足等,而非头脑。故limbic system可译为"感性体系"与下文的reasoning"理性体系"正相反。"感性体系"又叫后脑或小脑,负责运动、感觉等,比较肤浅。"理性体系"叫前脑或大脑,负责思维,比较深刻。因为人类做梦时"感性体系"活跃,所以人类在梦中显得很幼稚。同样,因为梦是感性在起作用,所以本段末句讲:"我们从梦里醒来时或者高兴或者抑郁,而这些感觉甚至会伴随我们一整天"。所以选C,本段是在讲"梦与感性的联系"。至于A:limbic system在梦中如何起作用,它的功能如何?并未涉及。(只说起作用,很活跃,但并未讲如何起作用)。还有D,它与前脑的区别,也没讲。选项B"眼球快动睡眠"的机制是什么,更没讲。
  33.[答案] D
  [解析]注意问题中的"negative",所以在第三段中也找出带有"negative"那一部分,细节题经常这样找信号词(或者叫关键词)。
  问题是:"白天产生的消极情绪会......"第三段讲人类做梦是为了化解(working through)白天的消极情绪,所以,刚睡着时的坏梦会一点一点改善的。因此,D为正确答案。至于A(坏感觉)会加剧,C(坏感觉)会一直延续到我们睡着,文中并未提。至于B(坏感觉)会主动变好,也错,因为不是它们自己变好,而是"Most people"在梦中努力化解它们,这是人的本能。
  34.[答案] D
  [解析]当然,我们也不能仅依赖本能而被动地等待,精神专家Cartwright甚至告诉我们如何去操纵我们的梦,使之变好。所以,选择D。至于A,错在它只是专家建议中的一个步骤。B 、C也错,尤其是C,与专家建议背道而驰。
  35.[答案] A
  [解析]"对有时做噩梦的人,专家建议什么?"信号词是sometimes,有时做,说明是正常人,有时不做,故选A即可。而那些持续做噩梦者才应该选B。C适用于反复出现的噩梦,D文中则未提到。

在晚上能睡一个好觉的诸多要素中,梦是我们最无法控制的因素。在梦中,我们走进一个毫无逻辑、死人都能说话的世界。一个世纪前,弗洛伊德开创了他革命性的理论,即,梦是我们潜意识里愿望和恐惧伪装的影子。到了20世纪70年代,神经学专家又转而把梦视作"精神上的杂音"--睡梦中神经修复工作的随机性副产品。现在,研究人员怀疑,梦是大脑调节情感的一部分,当大脑"下班"时,梦能调控情绪。一位著名的权威说做梦这些精密的强有力的大脑事件,不仅可以利用,而且还可以有意识的加以控制,以达到有助睡眠和感觉良好的目的。芝加哥医疗中心心理部主任Rosalind Cartwright指出"这是你的梦,你不喜欢它,你可以改变它"。
  来自大脑扫描成像的证据支持了这一观点。匹兹堡大学的Eric Nofzinger博士说:人处于快速眼球移动睡眠状态时,会做非常生动的梦,大脑此时也最为活跃,就像人是完全清醒似的。但并不是所有大脑的部位都参与活动;控制感性体系的大脑部位异常活跃,然而控制理性的大脑部位却相对平静。斯坦福大学睡眠研究员William Dement博士说"当我们从令人高兴或沮丧的睡梦中醒后,这些感觉会伴随我们一天"。
  睡梦与情感的关联在Cartwright诊所的病人中也有所表现。大多数人在前半夜做噩梦,而快醒时转成好梦,这说明他们在梦中正在努力化解白天所产生的消极情绪。因为,我们清醒时的大脑装满了日常生活的各种事物,我们对白天发生的事并不进行情感意义的思考,只有在梦中,才这样思考。
  但这一过程没有必要留给潜意识处理,Cartwright认为一个人可以通过练习来控制反复出现的噩梦。当你一觉醒来,首先弄清梦是什么使你不安。想像你想让它(这种梦)如何结束,下一次再发生时,设法及时醒来以控制梦的进程。实际上,通过大量练习,人们在睡眠中可以学会这样做的。
  Cartwright说,一天快结束时,我们根本没有什么理由来关注梦,除非它使我们难以入眠或使我们在恐惧中惊醒。恐怖活动、不稳定的经济和一般意义的不安全感都会增加人们的忧虑。长期受噩梦困扰的人应该去找专家看看。其他人呢,大脑自有办法来处理不好的感受,继续睡眠或做梦吧,第二天早上你感觉更好一点。
  31. 研究人员最终认识到梦。
  [A] 可以改变其过程
  [B] 对情感变化很敏感
  [C] 反映了我们内心的愿望和恐惧
  [D] 是神经修复工作随机性的结果
  32. 提到limbic system作者是要指出。
  [A] 它在做梦时的作用
  [B] 眼球快速运动时睡眠的机制
  [C] 梦与感性之间的关系
  [D] 它与控制智力和理智大脑部位的区别
  33. 白天生成的消极情绪。
  [A] 在潜意识的梦里会加剧
  [B] 会转化成好梦
  [C] 会持续到我们睡着
  [D] 会出现在上半夜的梦中
  34. Cartwright看来认为。
  [A] 及时醒来在化解噩梦中很关键
  [B] 回忆噩梦有助于控制它们
  [C] 让梦顺其自然
  [D] 梦并不完全属于潜意识
  35. Cartwright对那些有时做噩梦的人建议是。
  [A] 跟往常一样过正常生活
  [B] 寻求专业帮助
  [C] 练习控制意识
  [D] 白天尽量避免焦虑
  TEXT 4
  Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John Mcwhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
  Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. Mcwhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case endings of Old English.
  But the cult of the authentic and the personal, "doing our own thing," has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
  Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. Mcwhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
  Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old fashioned to most English speakers. Mr. Mcwhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English "on paper plates instead of china." A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
  36. According to Mcwhorter, the decline of formal English .
  [A] is inevitable in radical education reforms
  [B] is but all too natural in language development
  [C] has caused the controversy over the counter culture
  [D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s
  37. The word "talking" (Line 5, Paragraph 3) denotes .
  [A] modesty
  [B] personality
  [C] liveliness
  [D] informality
  38. To which of the following statements would Mcwhorter most likely agree?
  [A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.
  [B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.
  [C] Nontandard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.
  [D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.
  39. The description of Russians love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s .
  [A] interest in their language
  [B] appreciation of their efforts
  [C] admiration for their memory
  [D] contempt for their old fashionedness
  40. According to the last paragraph, "paper plates" is to "china" as .
  [A] "temporary" is to "permanent"
  [B] "radical" is to "conservative"
  [C] "functional" is to "artistic"
  [D] "humble" is to "noble"

academic7 a.①学校的,学院的;②学术的;n.学者,大学教师
  acknowledge4 v.①承认,认为;②致谢;③确认
  argue19 v.①争论,辩论;②认为,主张,论证;③说服
  array2 n.①一系列,大量;②排列;v.排列
  artistic1 a.艺术(家)的,美术(家)的
  aspire1 vi.热望,立志
  attitude14 n.①(to,towards)态度,看法;②姿势
  authentic2 a.可信的
  author69 n.①作者;②创始人
  capture4 n.捕获,俘虏;v.①吸引(注意);②记录;③俘虏
  cause28 n.①原因,理由;②事业,事件,奋斗目标;v.使产生,引起
  claim12 v.①要求;②声称,主张;③索赔;n.①要求;②主张,断言;③索赔;④权利,要求权,所有权
  command2 n.①命令,指令;②统帅,指挥(权);③掌握,运用能力;v.①命令,要求;②指挥,统帅;③掌握,控制
  complex7 a.①复杂的;②合成的,综合的;n.联合体
  conservative5 a.保守的,守旧的;n.保守主义者
  contempt4 n.轻蔑,藐视
  controversy1 n.争论,争辩
  convey3 v.①运送,搬运,转运;②传达,传播
  counter1 n.①柜台;②计数器;a./ad.相反(的);v.反对,反击
  craft3 n.①工艺,手艺,技巧;②飞机,飞船;③行业;v.精工制作
  criticism4 n.批评,评论
  culture21 n.①修养,教养;②文化,文明
  decline14 v./n.①下倾,下降,下垂,衰落;②斜面,倾斜;v.拒绝,谢绝
  denote2 v.表示,意味着
  description6 n.①描写,形容;②种类
  dialect1 n.方言
  document1 n.公文,文献;vt.记载,证明
  educate6 v.教育,培养,训练
  elaborate3 a.详尽的,精心的;v.精心制作,详细阐述
  elevate2 v.抬起,升高
  ending1 n.结尾,结局
  fashion6 n.①流行式样(或货品),风尚,风气;②样子,方式;vt.形成,制作,塑造
  figure10 n.①体形;②数字;③图形;④人物;v.(out)算出,估计,推测
  formal3 a.①正式的;②形式的
  gradual2 a.逐渐的,逐步的
  grieve1 v.使悲伤,使伤心
  humble2 a.①谦卑的,恭顺的;②低下的,卑微的;v.降低,贬抑
  illustrate6 v.①举例说明,阐明;②图解,加插图
  inevitable5 a.不可避免的,必然发生的
  liberal3 a.①慷慨的,大方的;②丰富的,富足的;③自由的,思想开朗的
  logical4 a.①逻辑的,符合逻辑的;②必然的
  oral1 a.口头的
  permanent1 a.永久的,持久的
  personality9 n.①人格,个性;②人物,名人
  poetry6 n.诗歌,诗集
  politician2 n.政治家,政客
  propose4 v.①提议,建议;②提名,推荐;③求婚
  radical5 a.①基本的,根本的;②激进的,极端的
  reform8 v./n.改革,改造,改良
  relate12 v.①叙述,讲述;②使互相关联;③与...有关(系)
  responsible11 a.①(for,to)应负责的,有责任的;②可靠的,可信赖的;③责任重大的,重要的
  speaker6 n.说话人,演讲人,扬声器
  spell2 v.①拼写;②导致,招致;n.一段时间
  statement7 n.声明,陈述
  temporary3 a.暂时的,临时的
  tend26 v.①趋向,往往是;②照料,看护
  tone2 n.①音调,音色;②风气,气氛;③腔调,语气;④色调
  trend12 n.倾向,趋势;v.伸向,倾向
  triumph4 n.胜利,成功;v.得胜,战胜
  view28 n.①景象,风景;②观点,见解;③观察,观看;④眼界;v.看待,观察,考虑
  writing9 n.①写,写作;②著作,作品
  according47 ad.依照,根据
  appreciation1 n.感谢,感激,正确评价,欣赏,增值
  chunk1 n.大块,相当大的数量
  controversialist1 n.争论者,好争论者
  cult1 n.①宗派;②崇拜;③时尚
  degradation1 n.降级,降格,退化
  disappearance1 n.消失
  entertaining2 a.①使人愉快的;②有趣的
  expressive2 a.有表现力的,富于表情的
  fashionedness1 n.样式,风格
  functional2 a.功能的
  genre1 n.类型,流派
  informality1 n.非正式
  latest8 a.最近的
  linguist5 n.语言学家
  liveliness1 n.活泼
  memorize3 v.记住,记忆
  modestly1 ad.谨慎地,适当地
  modesty1 n.谦逊,虚心
  performative1 a.富有表现力的
  permissive1 a.许可的,自由的,放纵的
  powerfully1 ad.强大地,强烈地
  regrettable1 a.可惜的
  speciality1 n.特性,特质
  spontaneity1 n.自发性
  subtitle1 n.副标题,小标题 

难句1
   In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John Mcwhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
  [结构分析]
   1. 本句主干结构是:...John Mcwhorter...see...as...;
   2. a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views是对John Mcwhorter身份的介绍,是插入语;
  [本句难点]本句比较长,且含有插入语影响理解;
  [方法对策]首先找出句子的主干,对于插入语,第一次阅读可以忽略不读,注意主句中有see...as...(把......看成......)的结构;
  [例句精译]语言学家约翰麦克沃特喜好争论,他的观点混杂着保守派与自由派的看法,在他的近作《做我们自己的事,语言和音乐的退化:我们干吗在乎?!》一书中,这位学者认为20世纪60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。
  难句2
   Mr. Mcwhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case endings of Old English.
  [结构分析]
   1. 本句为and连接的两个分句;
   2. and前为第一个分句;and后为第二个分句,主干为:he sees the...disappearance of "whom" to be;
  [本句难点]主要是第二个分句不好理解,其中还包含一个no more...than...(同......一样不......)的结构;
  [方法对策]首先根据连接词and找出两个分句,然后找出后一个分句的主干,在分析其他成分;
  [例句精译]麦克沃特先生的学术专长在于语言史和语言变化,举例来说,他认为"whom"一词的逐渐消失是很自然的,并不比旧式英语中词格的消失更让人惋惜。
  难句3
   While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.
  [结构分析]
   1. 本句主干结构是:...the most well regarded writing...has sought to capture spoken English;
   2. 逗号前面为while引导的状语从句,其中包含一个when引导的时间状语从句;
  [本句难点]主要是从句关系复杂;
  [方法对策]本句为状语从句+主句结构,分别找出主句和从句的主干结构,就比较好理解了;the modestly educated:受过一般教育的人;elevated:崇高的,高雅的;
  [例句精译]在60年代以前,甚至仅受过一般教育的人在下笔时都要寻求一种更高雅的腔调,但在那之后,即使是最受关注的文章也开始把口语用于写作。
  难句4
   As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.
  [结构分析]
   1. 本句主干为:...he acknowledges + that引导的宾语从句;
   2. 宾语从句的主干结构是:all varieties of human language...can be powerfully expressive;
   3. 两个逗号之间的部分为插入语,对all varieties of human language进行补充说明;
   4.破折号后面是对宾语从句进行补充说明,其中包含一个that引导的定语从句,修饰no language or dialect;
  [本句难点]本句句子结构、从句关系均比较复杂;
  [方法对策]首先抓住主句主干,然后再分析宾语从句主干,对于插入语和破折号后面的补充说明部分第一遍阅读可以不看,这样就比较容易把握句子整体,然后再分析从句和其他修饰成分;
  [例句精译]作为一位语言学家,他承认多种多样的人类语言,包括那些非标准的语言,比如黑人英语,都具有极强的表达力--世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言和方言。
  难句5
   Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old fashioned to most Englishpeakers.
  [结构分析]
   1. 本句是while连接的两个分句;
   2. 第一个分句主语是Russians,谓语是and连接的并列谓语have和carry,然后分别带自己的宾语部分;
   3. 第二个分句包含一个that引导的定语从句,修饰elaborate speech;
  [本句难点]句子结构复杂;
  [方法对策]根据while把句子分成两部分,然后再分析各自的主干部分,就可以理解本句内容;
  [例句精译]俄罗斯人深爱着他们自己的语言,并在他们的脑海中存储了大量诗歌,而意大利的政客们却更倾向于精心准备的演讲,虽然这在大多数讲英语的人们眼里已经过时。
  难句6
   Mr.Mcwhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful.
  [结构分析]
   1. 本句句子主干是:Mr. Mcwhorter acknowledges that...and proposes no radical educational reforms...;
   2. 逗号前包含一个that引导的宾语从句;
   3. 破折号后面是对前面内容的补充说明;
  [本句难点]主要是从句关系复杂,以及破折号后面more than的理解;
  [方法对策]首先分析出主句的主干; A more than B:此处为"肯定A,否定B"的结构,可以理解为"与其说是B,不如说是A";
  [例句精译]麦克沃特先生认为正式英语并非不可或缺,他也没有提出激烈的教育改革--他其实只是在哀痛美丽的丧失而非实用的丢失。
   36.[答案] B
  [解析]这是一篇语言学方面的文章,讲述了英语的演变。作者既认为今不如昔(正如中文的白话文不如文言文那样深刻、浓烈、优雅一样,英文也今不如昔),又认为事物的进化是一种自然现象,是不可避免的,让我们走自己的路好了,何必在乎?!
  仅根据第一段作者Mcwhorter书的副标题why we should like,care(我们干吗在乎?!)即可以看出B为正确答案。A、D选项与文章意思不符,而C在文中并未提及。
   37.[答案] D
  [解析]文章中讲了"talking is triumphing speaking,spontaneity over craft"(说话正在战胜讲话,随意语言正在取代技巧语言),因此可知talking代表informal,(白话文正在取胜)。A、B、C则与文章内容不符。
   38.[答案] A
  [解析]问Mcwhorter的看法。只要准确理解第四段末句,即可选对A。
   39.[答案] B
  [解析]此题问作者对俄国人背诵大量古诗词持一种什么态度?文章末段说Mcwhorter为语言优美的丧失而痛苦(grieving),又说这丧失是一种shame,故知作者对俄国人的作法是赞成的。
   40.[答案] C
  [解析]问末段"纸碟子"与"瓷盘子"的关系是指什么?C是最佳选项:人们用白话文表达思想,能起作用就行了(functional),不像古人那样精致、艺术,使用工整、对仗的语言来表达思想(artistic),那简直是一只"瓷盘子"。

美国人不再期望公众人物在演讲或写作文章之时可以巧妙地、富有天分地使用英语了,而他们自己本身也不奢望自己能够做到这一点。语言学家约翰麦克沃特喜好争论,他的观点混杂着保守派与自由派的看法,在他的近作《做我们自己的事,语言和音乐的退化:我们干吗在乎?!》一书中,这位学者认为20世纪60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。
  怪罪放纵的60年代并不新鲜,但这并不是另一份批评教育滑坡的长篇大论。麦克沃特先生的学术专长在于语言史和语言变化,举例来说,他认为"whom"一词的逐渐消失是很自然的,并不比旧式英语中词格的消失更让人惋惜。
  然而,"做我们自己的事"--这一对事物真实性和个性的崇拜信条,已经给正式的演讲、写作、诗歌和音乐画上了句号。在60年代以前,甚至仅受过一般教育的人在下笔时都要寻求一种更高雅的腔调,但在那之后,即使是最受关注的文章也开始把口语用于写作。同样,在诗歌领域,惟一能够具有真正活力的就是那种高度个人化和富有表现力的文学形式。无论作为口语还是书面语言的英语,说话胜过了讲话,而自由发挥也胜过了精心准备。
  麦克沃特先生从上层和下层文化中列举了一系列有趣的例子,从中我们可以看出他所记录的这种趋势不可避免。但考虑到其副标题所提的问题:我们干吗在乎?!答案还不够明白。作为一位语言学家,他承认多种多样的人类语言,包括那些非标准的语言,比如黑人英语,都具有极强的表达力--世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言和方言。不像其他大多数人,麦克沃特先生并不认为我们说话方式不规范就不能使我们直接思考。
  俄罗斯人深爱着他们自己的语言,并在他们的脑海中存储了大量诗歌,而意大利的政客们却更倾向于精心准备的演讲,虽然这在大多数讲英语的人们眼里已经过时。麦克沃特先生认为正式英语并非不可或缺,他也没有提出激烈的教育改革--他其实只是在哀痛美丽的丧失而非实用的丢失。也许我们现在是用"纸盘子而非瓷盘子"盛着我们的英语大餐。这也许令人羞愧,但可能是不可避免的事。
  36. 麦克沃特先生认为,正式英语的衰落。
  [A] 是在激烈的教育改革中不可避免的事
  [B] 是在语言发展中再自然不过的事了
  [C] 已经造成了反文化运动中的对立
  [D] 引起了20世纪60年代公众态度的变化
  37. 单词"talking"(第3段,第6行)的意思是。
  [A] 谦虚
  [B] 个性化
  [C] 具有活力
  [D] 非正式
  38. McWhorter最可能会赞同下面哪种说法?
  [A] 逻辑思维和我们谈话方式没有必然的联系。
  [B] 黑人英语比标准英语更有表达力。
  [C] 非标准的语言种类如同儿戏。
  [D] 在所有类别的语言中,标准语言最能表达复杂的思维。
  39. 描述俄罗斯人喜欢记忆诗歌说明作者。
  [A] 对他们的语言感兴趣
  [B] 赞赏他们的努力
  [C] 羡慕他们的记忆
  [D] 轻视他们的守旧
  40. 根据最后一段,纸盘子相对瓷盘子是。
  [A] 临时与永恒
  [B] 激进与保守
  [C] 实用与艺术
  [D] 卑微与高尚
  TEXT 1
  Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s "personal search agent". It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. "I struck gold," says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in house counsel for a company.
  With thousands of career related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be timeonsuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: "Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility." says one expert.
  For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept-what you think you want to do-then broaden it. "None of these programs do that," says another expert. "There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this." Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. "I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me," says the author of a job searching guide.
  Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs-those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them-and they do. "On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic," says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.
  Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. "You always keep your eyes open," he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.
  41. How did Redmon find his job?
  [A] By searching openings in a job database.
  [B] By posting a matching position in a database.
  [C] By using a special service of a database.
  [D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.
  42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?
  [A] Lack of counseling.
  [B] Limited number of visits.
  [C] Lower efficiency.
  [D] Fewer successful matches.
  43. The expression " tip service " (Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means .
  [A] advisory
  [B] compensation
  [C] interaction
  [D] reminder
  44. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?
  [A] To focus on better job matches.
  [B] To attract more returning visits.
  [C] To reserve space for more messages.
  [D] To increase the rate of success.
  45. Which of the following is true according to the text?
  [A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job hunters.
  [B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.
  [C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.
  [D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.

agent11 n.代理商(人),代表
   attract2 v.吸引,招引,引诱,引起(注意等)
   author69 n.①作者;②创始人
   career11 n.①生涯,经历;②专业,职业
   compensation3 n.补偿,赔偿
   concept15 n.概念,观念,思想
   consume5 v.消费,消费,耗尽
   counsel1 v./n.劝告,忠告;n.法律顾问,辩护人
   criterion2 n.([pl.]criteria)标准,准则
   database6 n.数据库,资料库
   drawback1 n.欠缺,缺点
   efficiency5 n.①效率;②功效
   eliminate5 v.消除
   employer4 n.雇主
   expert14 n.专家,能手;a.①熟练的,有经验的;②专门的,专家的
   expression9 n.①表达,表示;②短语,词句,措词;③式,符号
   feature9 n.①特征,特色;②(报纸或杂志)特写;③容貌,面貌;v.给显著地位
   focus12 n.焦点,(活动,兴趣等的)中心;v.(on/upon)使聚集,集中
   helpful4 a.(to)有帮助的,有益的,有用的
   hunt4 v./n.①打猎,猎取;②(for)搜索;③寻找
   implicit2 a.①不言明的,含蓄的;②(in)固有的;③无疑问的;④无保留的
   indispensable2 a.(to,for)必不可少的,必需的
   information44 n.①通知,报告;②情报,信息
   intellectual19 n.知识分子
   legal11 a.①法律的,法定的;②合法的,正当的
   limited9 a.有限的,被限制的
   location4 n.位置,场所
   lower9 a.较低的,下级的,下游的;v.降下,放低
   maintain9 v.①维修,保养;②维持,保持;③坚持,主张,支持
   narrow5 a.狭窄的,狭隘的;v.①限制,限定;②变窄,收缩
   negotiate5 v.谈判,交涉,商议
   opening3 n.①口子,孔;②开始,开端;③空缺,机会;a.开始的,开幕的
   option3 n.选项,选择权,买卖的特权
   possibility5 n.①可能,可能性;②可能的事,希望
   post3 v.①贴出;②宣布,公告;③投寄,邮寄;n.①(支)柱,标杆;②邮政,邮寄;③职位,岗位,哨所
   potential13 a.潜在的,可能的;潜能,潜力
   promising2 a.有希望的,有前途的
   property6 n.①财产,资产,所有物;②性质,特性
   rate31 n.①比率,率;②等级;③价格,费用;v.①估价;②评级,评价
   relate12 v.①叙述,讲述;②使互相关联;③与...有关(系)
   rely6 v.①(on)依赖,依靠;②信赖,信任
   reserve2 n.①储备(物),储藏量,储备金;②缄默,谨慎;v.①保留,储备;②预定,预约
   resume1 v.①再继续,重新开始;②重新占用,再用;③恢复;n.简历
   salary4 n.①薪金,薪水;②发薪水,付薪水
   site9 n.位置,场所,地点
   strategy6 n.战略,策略
   stumble1 n.①跌倒;②错误;v.①跌倒;②犯错;③偶然发现
   tempt1 v.①诱惑,引诱;②吸引,使感兴趣
   title6 n.①书名,标题;②头衔,称号
   trace4 n.①痕迹,踪迹;②极少量,微量;v.①描绘;②跟踪,追踪;③追溯,探索
   traffic2 n.交通,交通量
   vice3 n.①邪恶,坏事;②恶习;③[pl.]台钳,老虎钳;a.副的
   worthwhile4 a.值得(做)的
   abreast1 ad.并肩地,并排地
   according47 ad.依照,根据
   advisory2 a.顾问的,咨询的,劝告的
   counseling2 n.咨询服务
   disadvantage6 n.不利,缺点,劣势;v.①使处于不利地位;②损害
   hunter2 n.猎人
   inefficient2 a.效率低的,效率差的,(指人)不能胜任的,无能的
   interaction4 n.交互作用
   interactive1 a.交互式的
   keyword1 n.关键字
   mailing3 n.邮寄,邮件
   notification1 n.通知,布告,告示
   reminder3 n.提醒的人,暗示

难句1
   It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.
  [结构分析]
   1. 本句是It is...that...强调句型,强调的是本句的主语:an interactive feature;
   2. 句中when引导的从句作状语;
  [本句难点]注意这是强调句型;
  [方法对策]理解强调部分是该句的主语;key在此处作动词用,意为"键入,输入";
  [例句精译]该代理器的特点是互动,允许访问者键入一些求职要求诸如工作地点、职位和薪水,然后帮你盯着,当网上出现与你个人要求相匹配的工作岗位时它马上自动把你的条件用Eail发出去帮你找,然后再通知你。
   41.[答案] C
  [解析]这是一篇利用互联网来寻找工作的科普性小文章。律师雷德曼上网找工作未果,却发现了一个叫做"个人搜索代理器"的工具。该"代理器"能让访客键入自己的求职条件然后帮你盯着,一旦网上张贴出符合你要求的职位时,马上自动把你的条件eail发过去,帮你找工作。由此可知C为正确答案。至于A:Redmon自己找;B:Redmon自已去张贴帖子,甚至D:把个人简历Eail给网站,都是极端错误的。真实的情况是:"代理器"把他的条件与华盛顿老板联系上之后又通知了他。之后,他亲自把简历Eail给老板(而不是给网站)才找到工作的。第一段很难,不仅有词汇方面的原因,如:post张贴;notification通知; opening机遇;也有句子结构上的问题,如句子:It has an interactive feature后边that lets sb.do sth.and then,Eails them,注意后面that从句中两个并列谓语lets...and Eails...均为代理器的功能和特性。
   42.[答案] A
  [解析]不用看第二段,就可以大致猜到答案为A,因为这种"代理器"B: 限制上网访客的数量,C:效率很低,D:帮你成功地找到相对应的工作并不多。文章中均未提及,而它的惟一缺点是无法与之交流协商。你输进去你对工作的要求条件,它来为你找相应工作。至于协商则办不到。这从以下几段也可以看出。
   43.[答案] D
  [解析]这是一道词汇题,切记词汇题看上下文尤其是下文。有人可能问:不是说照抄原文的不是答案吗?怎么下文有reminder,答案也选reminder呢?注意,不抄原文是指细节题,(比如41题第一段原文是"个人搜索代理器",选项则是一种"特别的服务器")但词汇题不受此限制。
   44.[答案] B
  [解析]就剩下两段了,也就剩下两个问题了。所以,分段查找式阅读非常精准。第四段首句即提到:"有些网站设计他们的代理器是为了诱惑求职者返回来(以此提高自己的点击率)"接着举了一些例子。所以,问题:"为什么有那么多的工作,而代理器每次只给求职者提供三个?"显然是为了吸引你重新回来了。故选B。此处,把原文的tempt换成了同义词attract。细节题经常如此。
   45.[答案] C
  [解析]A说这种代理器对求职者必不可少。错,求职有许多方法,比如参加招聘会,登广告等等,不见得非用代理器。B和D也没提到。根据末段,选C。
去年年末,甘特雷德曼律师在找工作时偶然在网上发现一个叫做"职业开创者"的网站。他找来找去并没有找到什么工作,但被这个网上的"个人搜索代理器"所吸引。该代理器的特点是互动,允许访问者键入一些求职要求诸如工作地点、职位和薪水,然后帮你盯着,当网上出现与你个人要求相匹配的工作岗位时它马上自动把你的条件用E-mail发出去帮你找,然后再通知你。雷德曼选择关键词"法律"、"知识产权"和"华盛顿特区"几个词。过了三个星期,他接到第一份有职位空缺的通知。"我掘到了金子,"雷德曼说,然后他把个人简历用电子邮件寄给了雇主,接着就得到了一份公司内部顾问的职务。
  因特网上有成千上万个与求职相关的网址,寻找好的工作岗位费时低效。有了搜索代理器,就没必要频繁地去网上查找了。不过,虽然有一个搜索代理器成功地为雷德曼找到了工作,就业专家却还是认为搜索代理器并不尽如人意。比如个人求职要求越具体明确就有可能对你越不利,一位专家说:"你每回答一次问题你就丧失一次机会。"
  寻找任何职业,你都要从一个狭窄的概念开始,即你想干什么工作,然后再加以扩展。有一位专家说:"任何这些程序中都没有那种扩展功能,所有这一切都不包含职业咨询。"相反,最佳的策略是把代理器当作一种提示服务来及时跟踪某一网址里的工作岗位信息;当你收到电子邮件时,你就把它当作一种提醒再去查一查该网站。一位职业搜索指南的作者说:"我不会依赖代理器在网上增加的每一项内容里去逐一寻找可能令我感兴趣的东西。"
  一些网站用设计的代理器来吸引求职者回访。比如,当求职网代理器向注册服务的用户发送信息时,它只提供三个它认为最可能匹配的岗位。在资料数据库里可能还有更多的匹配项;求职者于是只好再次访问这个网址来寻找,求职者确实如此做了。求职网销售副总裁塞思皮茨说:"我们发送这些信息的当天访问量就急剧增长。"
  即使非求职的人士也会发现搜索代理器很有用。有些人利用搜索代理器密切观察对于本行业的需求或搜集有关加薪的信息以备增薪谈判时胸有成竹。雷德曼虽然已愉快就职,但他依旧保持着与"职业开创者"网代理器的联系。他说:"你要永远睁大眼睛。"使用个人搜索代理等于多一双眼睛替你在观察。
  41. 雷德曼是怎样找到工作的?
  [A] 在一个网站上搜寻空缺职位。
  [B] 通过在一个网站中张贴匹配的职业。
  [C] 利用网站上的特殊服务器。
  [D] 通过电邮他的履历到一个网站。
  42. 下面哪项可能是搜索代理器的不利条件?
  [A] 缺乏跟它的商议沟通的能力。
  [B] 限制上网者的数量。
  [C] 低的效率。
  [D] 帮你成功地找到相对应的工作并不多。
  43. 短语"tip service"(第三段第三行)最可能的意思是。
  [A] 忠告
  [B] 补贴
  [C] 互相作用
  [D] 提示
  44. 为什么CareerSite的代理器只给每名求职者提供三种工作选择?
  [A] 为了关注更合适的工作。
  [B] 为了吸引更多的人回访。
  [C] 为了给更多的信息保留空间。
  [D] 为了提高成功率。
  45. 根据本文的观点,下面哪项正确?
  [A] 对于求职者来说,个人搜索工具必不可少。
  [B] 一些网站不停地给求职者发电子邮件以便挖掘他们的需求。
  [C] 对于已经找到工作的人来说,个人搜索代理也很有用。
  [D] 一旦人们找到工作,一些搜索器就会停止给他们发送信息。


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