Passage 1

The importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several books that have been written on the topic. Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to, journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the "how to" aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and implications. Much of the "how to" material is based on personal experiences and general impressions. As we know, in journalism as in other fields, much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed.

There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself. On the other hand, many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written. Many of these books and articles present the theoretical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers. Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview. The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons. First, it seems likely that most people in modern Western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than with any other form of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists. In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help. Another familiar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Even so, true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews, requires thoughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates.

1. The main idea of the first paragraph is that.

A. generalized principles for journalistic interviews are the chief concern for writers on journalism
B. importance should be attached to the systematic study of journalistic interviewing
C. concepts and contextual implications are of secondary importance to journalistic interviewing
D. personal experiences and general impressions should be excluded from journalistic interviews

2. Much research has been done on interviews in general.

A. so the training of journalistic interviewers has likewise been strengthened
B. though the study of the interviewing techniques hasn't received much attention
C. but journalistic interviewing as a specific field has unfortunately been neglected
D. and there has also been a dramatic growth in the study of journalistic interviewing

3. Westerners are familiar with the journalistic interview,_______.

A. but most of them wish to stay away from it
B. and many of them hope to be interviewed some day
C. and many of them would like to acquire a true understanding of it
D. but most of them may not have been interviewed in person

4. Who is the interviewee in a clinical interview?

A. The patient
B. The physician
C. The journalist
D. The psychologist

5. The passage is most likely a part of.

A. a news article
B. a journalistic interview
C. a research report
D. a preface

Passage 2

Certainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber. All living creatures, especially human beings, have their peculiarities, but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that, among other eccentricities, eats mud, feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods, and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?

For some fifty million years, despite all its eccentricities, the sea cucumber has subsisted on its diet of mud. It is adaptable enough to live attached to rocks by its tubefeet(棘皮动物的管足), under rocks in shallow water, or on the surface of mud flats. Common in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores, it has the ability to suck up mud or sand and digest whatever nutrients are present.

Sea cucumbers come in a variety of colors, ranging from black to reddish-brown to sand-color and early white. One form even has vivid purple tentacles. Usually the creatures are cucumber-shaped-hence their name-and because they are typically rock inhabitants, this shape, combined with flexibility, enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean currents.

Although they have voracious appetites, eating day and night, sea cucumbers have the capacity to become motionless and live at a low metabolic rate-feeding sparingly or not at all for long periods, so that the marine organisms that provide their food have a chance to multiply. If it were not for this faculty, they would devour all the food available in short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence.

But the most spectacular thing about the sea cucumber is the way it defends itself. Its major enemies are fish and crabs. When attacked, it squirts all its internal organs into the water. It also casts off attached structures such as tentacles. The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itself when it is attacked or even touched; it will do the same if the surrounding water temperature is too high or if the water becomes too polluted.

6. The passage mainly discusses.

A. the reason for the sea cucumber's name
B. what makes the sea cucumber unusual
C. how to identify the sea cucumber
D. places where the sea cucumber can be

7. According to the passage, the shape of sea cucumbers is important because.

A. its helps them to digest their food
B. it helps them to protect themselves from danger
C. it makes it easier for them to move through the mud
D. it makes them attractive to fish

8. The fourth paragraph of the passage mainly discusses.

A. the reproduction of sea cucumbers
B. the food sources of sea cucumbers
C. the eating habits of sea cucumbers
D. threats to sea cucumbers' existence

9. Of all the features of the sea cucumber, which of the following seems to fascinate the author most?

A. What it does when threatened
B. Where it lives
C. How it hides from predators
D. What it eats

10. Compared with other sea creatures the sea cucumber is very.

A. dangerous
B. intelligent
C. fat
D. strange

Passage 3

A strange thing about humans is their capacity for blind rage. Rage is presumably an emotion resulting from survival instinct, but the surprising thing about it is that we do not deploy it against other animals. If we encounter a dangerous wild animal-a poisonous snake or a wild cat - we do not fly into a temper. If we are unarmed, we show fear and attempt to back away; if we are suitably armed, we attack, but in a rational manner not in a rage. We reserve rage for our own species. It is hard to see any survival value in attacking one's own, but if we take account of the long competition which must have existed between our own subspecies and others like Neanderthal man - indeed others still more remote from us than Neanderthal man - human rage becomes more comprehensible.

In our everyday language and behavior there are many reminders of those early struggles. We are always using the words "us and them". "Our" side is perpetually trying to do down the "other" side. In games we artificially create other subspecies we can attack. The opposition of "us" and "them" is the touchstone of the two-party system of "democratic" politics. Although there are no very serious consequences to many of these modern psychological representations of the "us and them" emotion, it is as well to remember that the original aim was not to beat the other subspecies in a game but to exterminate it.

The readiness with which humans allow themselves to be regimented has permitted large armies to be formed, which, taken together with the "us and them" blind rage, has led to destructive clashes within our subspecies itself. The First World War is an example in which Europe divided itself into two imaginary subspecies. And there is a similar extermination battle now in Northern Ireland. The idea that there is a religious basis for this clash is illusory, for not even the Pope has been able to control it. The clash is much more primitive than the Christian religion, much older in its emotional origin. The conflict in Ireland is unlikely to stop until a greater primitive fear is imposed from outside the community, or until the combatants become exhausted.

11. A suitable title for this passage would be.

A. Why Human Armies Are Formed
B. Man's Anger Against Rage
C. The Human Capacity for Rage
D. Early Struggles of Angry Man

12. According to the author, the surprising aspect of human anger is.

A. its lengthy and complex development
B. a conflict such as is now going on in Northern Ireland
C. that we do not fly into a temper more often
D. that we reserve anger for mankind

13. The passage suggests that.

A. historically, we have created an "us" versus "them" society
B. humans have had a natural disinclination toward formal grouping
C. the First World War is an example of how man has always avoided domination
D. the emotional origin of the war in Ireland is lost in time

14. From the passage we can infer that.

A. the artificial creation of a subspecies unlike us is something that never happens
B. games are psychologically unhealthy
C. any artificially created subspecies would be our enemy
D. the real or imagined existence of an opposing subspecies is inherent in man's activities

15. The author believes that a religious explanation for the war in Northern Ireland is.

A. founded in historical fact
B. deceptive
C. apparent
D. probably accurate

Passage 4

The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessiviely, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.

A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choices. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo drew a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.

16. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because.

A. personal health choices help cure most illnesses
B. it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge
C. it is essential to personal freedom in American society
D. wrong decisions could lead to poor health

17. To "live a completely sedentary life-style" (Para. 1) most probably means.

A. to "live an inactive life"
B. to "live a decent life"
C. to "live a life with complete freedom"
D. to "live a life of vice"

18. Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because.

A. current medical knowledge is still insufficient
B. there are many factors influencing our decisions
C. few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life
D. people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends

19. To knowingly allow oneself to pursue unhealthy habits is compared by Fries and Crapo to.

A. improving the quality of one's life
B. limiting one's personal health choice
C. deliberately ending one's life
D. breaking the rules of social behavior

20. According to Fries and Crapo sound health choice should be based on.

A. personal decisions
B. society's laws
C. statistical evidence
D. friends' opinions
1.分析与解答：第一段开头第一句话便引入主题，故应选B。

2.分析与解答：根据文章第二段第四句话，选C。

3.分析与解答：参见第二段中间部分，选D。

4.分析与解答：interviewee指的是被接见者，被采访者。故应选A。

5.分析与解答：根据文章最后一句可推断这是一篇前言，故选D。

6.分析与解答：主题题，应把握全文选B。

7.分析与解答：根据第三段第三句话，选B

8.分析与解答：第四段主要写海参的“appetites”，故选C。

9.分析与解答：见第五段第一句话，应选A。

10.分析与解答：见第一段第三句话，应选D

11.分析与解答：主旨题，首句点题，应选C。

12.分析与解答：见第一段第二句话，和第五句话，选D。

13.分析与解答：见第二段段首，选A

14.分析与解答：见第一段最后一句话，选D

15.分析与解答：见最后一段第四句话，答案为B。

16.分析与解答：答案为D，推理题。根据本文第二句话：“An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge”，可以得知，不正确的个人选择会导致疾病的发生，而A和B在文章中未提及，C与本文无关，故D)是惟一正确选择。

17.分析与解答：答案为A，词汇题。从上下文便可以判断出该短语的意思。文中提到的“live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise”就暗示出“sedentary life-style”与exercise是矛盾的，由此就可以断定A最贴近原短语的意思，为正确答案。

18.分析与解答：答案为B，细节题。根据最后一段的第一句话及第一段第二句，很显然A与文中的内容不符；尽管D是一个原因但不全面，只有B才是正确、的全面的原因。而C中所述文中未提及，故C是错误答案。

19.分析与解答：答案为C，细节题。在第二段中作者指出：Fries和Crapo通过比喻的方式指出“...to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide”，可见C为正确答
案。

20.分析与解答：答案为C，推理题。根据文章最后两句话，不难看出；Fries和Crapo认为，采取有统计数据显示可能缩短寿命的行为无异于自杀，而有利于健康的选择应是那些有统计数据显示可以提高生命力和延长寿命的行为，所以，哪些是有利于健康的行为，这要根据统计数据而定。因此只有C是正确的，而其他选择项则未提及。