per diem 出差津贴

　　LATIN TERM "by the day,” used to mean a daily allowance of money for expenses incurred during business travel

　　Example:

　　The XYZ company allowed its employees $150 per diem for food, lodging, and taxi fares.

　　performance appraisal 成绩评价

　　formal evaluation of an employee's achievement of (or failure to achieve) previously established goals

　　Example:

　　After their first six months, all new employees met with their supervisors and received a written performance appraisal; older employees had a performance appraisal every year.

　　planned obsolescence

　　计划报废(指为使产品迅速更新而控制一定的质量寿命)

　　the practice of building and selling a product with a limited useful life such that the customers feel they must buy a new version when their first purchase becomes old or inferior

　　Example:

　　A planned obsolescence strategy increased the profits of the U.S. automobile industry by increasing customers' desire to buy new car models with new features every few years.

　　preventive maintenance

　　预防性维修, 定期检修

　　the useful practice of routinely repairing, cleaning and replacing parts on schedule in order to prevent unexpected problems and more expensive repairs in the future

　　Example:

　　Following a new preventive maintenance schedule saved our company from experiencing the lost time and costly repairs that used to occur.

　　product life cycle 产品寿命周期

　　the marketing concept of a product having a natural period ranging from its introduction and rise in sales to its sales decline and expiration when customers purchase newer alternative products

　　Example:

　　Because the computer game industry changes so rapidly, the product life cycle of a popular computer game may be only 18 months or less.