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为了帮助大家有效备考托福考试,读书人编辑整理了一些资料供大家参考:
2008年02月02日更换主修科目:
念哲学的学生和教授的对话。学生說philosophy 没用因为不practical,要换major,想要改修business(主旨题,答为了换major),主要是比较好找工作。
教授觉得很意外,因为学生的表现一直不错。教授基本上是反对的,认为career goal 可以改,问学生自己的career goal 是什么?结果却回答不出來,教授就劝她,說她适合学习philosophy。女学生一开始不同意,举同学的例子反驳教授,但后來还是被教授說服。在对话中提到了兩个哲学家的理論(题目,一个问有关哲学家的facts;另一个问为什么提到哲学家),然后那个学生分析了这兩个哲学家的理論。老师就說念哲学的学生的特点就是可以有critical thinking 的能力,而这是很多公司现在在寻找的人才。另外老师也觉得她可以继续念研究所。
最后老师推荐学生去就业咨询中心career service center(题目,老师为什么要学生去career center),因为他觉得咨询中心可以提供更多想法,而且也提供实习的机会internship,老师觉得学生也许可以试试看,一方面履歷resume 看起來比较好,一方面也是寻找未來工作的方向。
冰岛的考古:
跟考古学、地质学相关的讨論。主要目的是透过阐述冰岛地区的考古学來告诉学生一种新的工具,大大帮助了像是针对冰岛这种困难的地区的探测。这个机器可以分辨物质的构造然后区分他们。在冰岛的案例是,透过机器分辨容电量以区分冰岛地区的屋子的墙壁结构和冰岛的冰。因为冰岛地区盖房子的墙壁其时几乎跟冰岛的冰是一样的所以难以区分。而之所以会开始挖掘冰岛,是因为一个跟某家族相关的传說,研究员想要证实第一批人類的登陸冰岛所以才开始挖掘,之后他们发现了那个遗址所在位置其实跟大家說的不一样,大家都說是在museum 的正下方,但其实他是在museum的后面。
抽象主义派:
绘画中抽象主义派,以Jackson Pollock 为例。先介绍了抽象主义的画风(有题,问抽象主义的绘画特色),相对于传统的绘画,改以抽象的方式绘画,而且使用一些特殊的方法绘画。提出Pollock 是先驱更是重要的代表人物。Speaker 說从Pollock 学绘画的背景,实在很难想象他会是抽象主义的先驱,因为他是在著名的绘画学校学画的(有题,问为什么提到Pollock 的学画背景)。另外提到了一个Pollock 的作品,以描述Pollock 独特的绘画方式(有题),就是利用很大很大的画布铺在地上,然后将颜料泼洒在画布上,在这裡提到Action painting(有题,问Action painting 的意义),主要是因为他绘画的方式。另外speaker 也提到了有些人会去看Pollock 作画。有些人认为Pollock 泼洒的动作是无意識的,但speaker 說了其实Pollock 是相当有意識在绘画的。在这裡有提到他其中一个画作(有题,问为什么提到那个画作),然后提到了那些画布上的abstract lines 其实是有structure 的。Pollock的贡献还有把原本大家都集中在法国的注意力移到紐约(有题,问Pollock 的贡献)。
康老师充电站
Abstract expressionism
Abstract expressionism was an American post-World War II art movement. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve worldwide influence and put New York City at the center of the western art world, a role formerly filled by Paris.
Jackson Pollock
Pollock studied at Los Angeles’ Manual Arts High School. During his early life, he experienced Native American culture while on surveying trips with his father. In 1930, following his brother Charles, he moved to New York City, where they both studied under Thomas Hart Benton at the Art Students League of New York. Benton’s rural American subject matter shaped Pollock’s work only fleetingly, but his rhythmic use of paint and his fierce independence were more lasting influences. From 1935 to 1943, Pollock worked for the WPA Federal Art Project.
Pollock’s technique of pouring and dripping paint is thought to be one of the origins of the term action painting. With this technique, Pollock was able to achieve a more immediate means of creating art, the paint now literally flowing from his chosen tool onto the canvas. By defying the convention of painting on an upright surface, he added a new dimension, literally, by being able to view and apply paint to his canvases from all directions.
In the process of making paintings in this way, he moved away from figurative修饰多的representation, and challenged the Western tradition of using easel画架and brush. He also moved away from the use of only the hand and wrist腕,腕关节, since he used his whole body to paint. In 1956, Time magazine dubbed Pollock “Jack the Dripper” as a result of his unique painting style.“My painting does not come from the easel. I prefer to tack)钉住the unstretched canvas to the hard wall or the floor. I need the resistance of a hard surface. On the floor I am more at ease. I feel nearer, more part of the painting, since this way I can walk around it, work from the four sides and literally be in the painting. ”
“I continue to get further away from the usual painter’s tools such as easel, palette, brushes,etc. I prefer sticks棍棒, trowels泥刀, knives and dripping fluid paint or a heavy impasto with sand,
broken glass or other foreign matter added. ”
“When I am in my painting, I’m not aware of what I’m doing. It is only after a sort of ‘get acquainted’ period that I see what I have been about. I have no fear of making changes, destroying the image, etc., because the painting has a life of its own. I try to let it come through成为显然的:. It is only when I lose contact with the painting that the result is a mess杂乱,混乱:. Otherwise there is pure harmony, an easy give and take, and the painting comes out well.
听演唱会的行前安排:
一个学生要带社团去參加Jazz 音樂会concert,接着跟学校助理讨論一些事项(主旨题)。包括人數、出发时间、用餐、返校时间等等。人數是20 多人,因为并没有很多,所以把bus 改成van,一方面也比较好停車。他们要早点出门才能早点到,因为虽然买票了但是需要现场划位(题目,问为什么要早到,答为了划到好位置)。学生本來计划要大家分开吃饭,但是助理强烈建议他们一起吃不要分开行动(题目,问为什么这么建议),提出建议吃pizza 因为大家都爱吃pizza,他觉得这样集体行动比较不会有麻烦,比如說有人吃完饭來不及回到表演场地或者迷路等,学生表示这点要再和大家讨論。表演10 点结束,助理先提出让車辆10:15 來接,但是学生后來要求延后到10:30(题目,问为什么?答避免有学生來不及)。助理說司机是以小时计算薪水,要学生别让司机久等,因为他们是不会等太久的。最后助理要学生明天再去找他(题目),因为他要算一算学生还要补多少钱,学生已经听从助理的建议跟同学收了部分的钱当作押金,所以助理得把总额扣掉学生已经付的押金才知道还要再付多少钱。
海岸边的房子:
岸边能否造房子的几个层次。
文章一开始說,教授的孩子在海边看到一栋非常中意的房子(dream house),但是由于一些原因没有买,事后教授很庆幸当时没有买海边的房子,这里引出了这堂课的主题:海岸线为什么不适合盖房子。教授說,海岸线可分成5 个部分,开始讲这5 种類型的地质,分别是:
1)shore;滨、岸:海洋、湖泊或河流边的土地;海岸
2)primary最早的dune;
3)crough;