Chapter33.New Zealand(capital: Wellington)惠灵顿
1)New Zealand’s geography:①New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and the South Pole. 新西兰地处南太平洋，位于赤道和南极之间。②The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.It has two main islands:North Island and South Island 新西兰的面积与英国和日本相近。它有2个主要的岛，北岛和南岛 ②Hilly and 3/4 land more than 200 meters above sea level③Three volcanic mountains in North Island: Ruapebh, Ngeaurohoe and Tongariro.④the largest lake: Lake Taupo(托波湖) ⑤the highest peak: Mt Cook in South Island. 3764M⑥the largest river:the Clutha(克鲁沙河) in S.I. and Waikato and the Wanganui in N.I. 1.由2岛组成：北岛和南岛2.多山，3/4地区海拔200米以上3.3座火山在北岛：鲁阿佩胡火山，扭鲁货伊火山和汤加里4.最大的湖：托波湖 5.最高峰：南岛的库克山，海拔3764米 6最大河流：克鲁沙河在南岛，怀卡托河和黄加雷河在北岛。
New Zealand is just west of the International Date Line,so it is the first country to get the new day.
新西兰位于国际日期变更线以西，所以它是世界上第一个迎接新一天到来的国家。
Earthquakes and volcanoes are the most serious potential natural disasters.
地震和火山是新西兰最严重的自然灾害。
2)Characteristics of New Zealand’s climate;①generally temperates.②varied climate: In the far north it is subtropical(亚热带) and in some mountainous areas of South Island it is subarctic(亚寒带)③Rain falls all year round.1.气候温和，2.多样，最北端是亚热带气候，南岛一些山区则是亚寒带气候3.常年下雨
3)Native plants and animals:①”the bush”丛林;native evergreen trees常青树: Kauri(栲李树) ，totara(椭榻拉树), the “cabbage tree”(a giant lily百合科植物).②a nocturnal(awake at nitht) bird that can not fly. It is the national symbol and New Zealander call themselves Kiwis.几维鸟是一种夜间不会飞的鸟，是新西兰的象征③ kiwifruit(新西兰果)：introduced form chinese monkey fruit(弥猴桃).④the only native land mammal are two species of bats.
The red pohutukawa called New Zealand Christmas tree
红色的波赫塔克瓦被称为新西兰的圣诞树
The kiwi is a national symbol and New Zealanders refer to themselves as Kiwis.
几维鸟被当作是国家的象征，新西兰人也这样称呼自己
4)Historical background of New Zealand: ①the Maori history and the European history;②The first European to visit new Zealand was a Dutchman, Abel Tasman in 1642;③the first Englishman to visit was Captain James Cook of the British Royal Navy in 1769. ④the first offical governor, William Hobson was sent there by the British government in 1840, representing Queen Victoria, and some Maori chiefs, signed the Treaty of Waitangi.Modern New Zealand was founded.⑤it was granted internal self-government in 1852.⑥Wellington founded by the first settlers became the capital in 1865.⑦Land war between the Europeans and the Maoris broke out in the 1860s. ⑧Gold was discovered in Otago and Westland, but the gold boom ended in 1870. 1.毛利历史和欧洲历史，2.第一个到达新西兰的欧洲人是荷兰的阿贝尔.塔斯曼，1642年。3.早到达新西兰的英国人是英国皇家海军的詹姆士.库克船长，1769年。4. 1840年第一位总督威廉.赫伯森,代表维多利亚女王和毛利酋长签订了《威坦哲条约》，现代新西兰成立了。1852年，获得内部自治权6.1865年，移民者建立惠灵顿成为首都，7.19世纪60年代欧洲人和毛利人发生土地纠纷，爆发战争。8.1870年，淘金热结束
The Treaty of Waitangi 1840 has three articles
条约的三条内容
1) the Maori people gave the Queen of England the right to make laws for the country
第一，毛利人把立法权交给英国女王
2)promised the Maori own their lands,forests,fisheries and other treasured possessions,if Maori wanted to sell land ,only the Crown had the right to buy。
第二，毛利人拥有自己的土地，森林，渔场和其他财产，如果毛利人想出售他们的财产，只能卖给英国政府。
3)Maoris were granted all the rights and privileges of British subjects.
第三，保证毛利人享有和英国臣民一样的权利
The anniversary of the signing, February 6, is celebrated as New Zealand National Day, Waitangi Day, and is a national holiday.
2月6日是条约签定的纪念日，这一天也就是新西兰的国庆日，威坦哲日，是全国性的节日。
6)Characteristics of Maori culture(Maoritanga)毛利文化: Maoritanga means Maori culture, the Maori way of life and view of the world, which is a very important part of New Zealand culture today.是毛利人的生活方式和对世界的看法，这是新西兰文化中重要的一部分。
Aotearoa—is the Maori name for New Zealand New Zealand
4.Ireland(Capital:Dublin)都柏林
Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green countryside.two political units:Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.爱尔兰因其葱翠欲滴的乡村景色，又称绿宝石岛。两个行政区：北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国。
1) Ireland’s geographical features:①a basin:the central plain, a limestone plateau surrounded by coastal highlands. ②the highest peak is Carrantuohill(卡朗图山)，1041m.③the largest river: the Shannon River (香农河) 。④ coast with striking cliffs and heavily indented.⑤Bogs(沼泽) are the most significant feature of Irish landscape.地理特征：1.盆地，中央大平原，石灰石高原被沿海山岳环绕，2.最高峰为卡朗图上，海拔1041米，3.最大河流：香农河，4.海岸悬崖突出，犬牙交错。5.沼泽是最为爱尔兰地理主要的特征
2)Climate in Ireland:①mild, moist and changeable.Extreme cold, long frosts, heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon.②excessive rainfalls.③six climate regions.气候：1.温和，潮湿和多变，冬季严寒大雪，漫长霜期，夏季罕见酷暑2.雨水过多，3.6种气候区
3)Ethnic composition of Ireland: the basic ethnic stock is Celts with and admixture of Norse, French, Norman and English.种族分类：最主要的是凯尔特人，混有挪威人，法国人，诺曼人和英国人
4)Languages in Ireland:two offical languages—Irish(Gaelic盖尔语) and English.
5)Irish Catholicism:predominates in Ireland and Catholic religious practice is extremely high in Ireland. Ireland has supplied significant number of priests and missionaries to the outside world.天主教在爱尔兰占主导地位，爱尔兰也为其他国家提供大批重要牧师和传教士。
6)Conflict between the English and the Irish: a traditional source of conflict was religious differences(Protestant vs Catholic);冲突原因是宗教不同，新教和天主教
7)the issue of Northern Ireland: As a result of the conflict ,in 1921, the British signed the Anglo—Irish Treaty ,establishing an Irish Free State with dominion status, with a separate government in the Protestant-dominated North Ireland.北爱尔兰的成立：1921年战争的结果，英国签署了‘英爱条约’，建立爱尔兰自由帮，享有自治领的地位，并在新教控制的北爱尔兰成立独立政府。
8)foreign policy
Since independence Ireland has adhered to a policy of neutrality and nonalignment.It has contributed personnel to U.N.peacekeeping units in the Middle East,New Guinea,Zaire and Cyprus. joined the EC in 1973.自独立以来一直奉行中立、不结盟政策，为联合国在中东，新几内亚，扎伊尔和塞浦路斯的维和机构输送人员。1973年加入欧盟。