Children live in a world in which science has tremendous importance. During their lifetimes, it will affect them more and more. In time, many of them will work at jobs that depend heavily on science — for example, concerning energy sources, pollution control, highway safety, wilderness conservation, and population growth. As taxpayers, they will pay for scientific research and exploration. And, as consumers, they will be bombarded(受到轰击)by advertising, much of which is said to be based on science.

　　Therefore, it is important that children, the citizens of the future, become functionally acquainted with science — with the process and spirit of science, as well as with its facts and principles. Fortunately, science has a natural appeal for youngsters. They can relate it to so many things that they encounter — flashlights, tools, echoes and rainbows.

　　Besides, science is an excellent medium for teaching far more than content. It can help pupils learn to think logically, to organize and analyse ideas. It can provide practice in communication skills and mathematics. In fact, there is no area of the curriculum to which science cannot contribute, whether it is geography, history, language arts, music, or art!

　　Above all, good science teaching leads to what might be called a “scientific attitude”. Those who possess it seek answers through observing, experimenting, and reasoning, rather than blindly accepting the pronouncements of others. They weigh evidence carefully and reach conclusions with caution. While respecting the opinions of others, they expect honesty, accuracy, and objectivity and are on guard against hasty judgments and sweeping generalizations. All children should be developing this approach to solving problems, but it cannot be expected to appear automatically with the mere acquisition of information. Continual practice, through guided participation, is needed.

　　1. One of the reasons why science is important for children is that many of them will .

　　A.work in scientific research institutions

　　B.work at jobs closely related to science

　　C.make the final decision in matters concerning science

　　D.be fund-raisers for scientific research and exploration

　　2. There is no doubt that children like learning science because .

　　A.science is linked with many of the things they meet

　　B.science is a very easy subject for them to learn

　　C.they encounter the facts and principles of science daily

　　D.they are familiar with the process and spirit of science

　　3. Pupils can learn logical thinking while_______.

　　A.practicing communication skills B.studying geography

　　C.taking art courses D.learning science

　　4. People with a scientific attitude__________.

　　A.are ready to accept the pronouncements of others

　　B.tend to reach conclusions with certainty

　　C.are aware that others are likely to make hasty judgments

　　D.seek truth through observation, experimentation and reasoning

　　5. In the passage, the writer seems to___________.

　　A.prove that science is a successful course in school

　　B.point out that science as a course is now poorly taught in school

　　C.suggest that science should be included in the school curriculum

　　D.predict that children who learn science will be good scientists

　　答案解析：

　　1.B。根据文章第一段中“In time, many of them will work at jobs that depend heavily on science …”可知，孩子们将来的工作都会和科学紧密相连。故答案是B。

　　2. A。文章第二段最后一句讲到：“They can relate it to so many things that they encounter — flashlights, tools, echoes, and rainbows.”可知他们遇到的好多事情都是和科学有联系的。故答案为A。

　　3. D。根据文章第三段中“…science is an excellent medium for teaching far more than content. It can help pupils learn to think logically…”可知，学习科学可以培养孩子们的逻辑思考能力。故答案为D。

　　4. D。根据文章第四段中“Those who possess it(scientific attitude) seek answers through observing, experimenting, and reasoning…”可知，有科学态度的人通过观察、实验和推理来寻求真题。故答案为D。

5. C。这篇短文从一开始就在论证科学对孩子的重要性，文章最后指出“All children should be developing this approach to solving problems…”可以推断出，作者希望将科学知识纳入教学计划。故答案为C。

　　The average number of authors on scientific papers is sky-rocketing. That’s partly because labs are bigger, problems are more complicated, and more different subspecialties are needed. But it’s also because U.S. government agencies have started to promote “team science”. As physics developed in the post-World War Ⅱ era, federal funds built expensive national facilities, and these served as surfaces on which collaborations could crystallize naturally.

　　Yet multiple authorship — however good it may be in other ways — presents problems for journals and for the institutions in which these authors work. For the journals, long lists of authors are hard to deal with in themselves. But those long lists give rise to more serious questions when something goes wrong with the paper. If there is research misconduct, how should the liability be allocated among the authors? If there is an honest mistake in one part of the work but not in others, how should an evaluator aim his or her review?

　　Various practical or impractical suggestions have emerged during the long-standing debate on this issue. One is that each author should provide, and the journal should then publish, an account of that author’s particular contribution to the work. But a different view of the problem, and perhaps of the solution, comes as we get to university committee on appointments and promotions, which is where the authorship rubber really meets the road. Half a lifetime of involvement with this process has taught me how much authorship matters. I have watched committees attempting to decode sequences of names, agonize over whether a much-cited paper was really the candidate’s work or a coauthor’s, and send back recommendations asking for more specificity about the division of responsibility.

　　Problems of this kind change the argument, supporting the case for asking authors to define their own roles. After all, if quality judgments about individuals are to be made on the basis of their personal contributions, then the judges better know what they did. But if questions arise about the validity of the work as a whole, whether as challenges to its conduct or as evaluations of its influence in the field, a team is a team, and the members should share the credit or the blame.

　　1. According to the passage, there is a tendency that scientific papers____________.

　　A.are getting more complicated

　　B.are dealing with bigger problems

　　C.are more of a product of team work

　　D.are focusing more on natural than on social sciences

　　2. One of the problems with multiple authorship is that it is hard__________.

　　A.to allocate the responsibility if the paper goes wrong

　　B.to decide on how much contribution each reviewer has made

　　C.to assign the roles that the different authors are to play

　　D.to correspond with the authors when the readers feel the need to

　　3. According to the passage, authorship is important when .

　　A.practical or impractical suggestions of the authors are considered

　　B.appointments and promotions of the authors are involved

　　C.evaluators need to review the publication of the authors

　　D.the publication of the authors has become much-cited

　　4. According to the passage, whether multiple authors of a paper should be taken collectively or individually depends on______.

　　A.whether judgments are made about the paper or its authors

　　B.whether it is the credit or the blame that the authors need to share

　　C.how many authors are involved in the paper

　　D.where the paper has been published

　　5. The best title for the passage can be___________.

　　A.Writing Scientific Papers: Publish or Perish

　　B.Collaboration and Responsibility in Writing Scientific Papers

　　C.Advantages and Disadvantages of Team Science

　　D.Multiple Authors, Multiple Problems

　　答案解析：

　　1. C。根据文章第一段中“…it’s also because U.S. government agencies have started to promote ‘team science’.”可知论文数量的增加与team science有关。故答案为C。

　　2. A。根据文章第二段中“But those long lists give rise to more serious questions when something goes wrong with the paper.”可知当文章出错的时候，很难找出由谁负责。故答案为A。

　　3. B。根据文章第三段中“…as we get to university committee on appointments and promotions, which is where the authorship rubber really meets the road.”可知，当涉及作者的任命和晋升时，著作权是非常重要的。故答案为B。

　　4. A。根据最后一段中第二句和第三句的论述可知，多作者作品的职责是该整体来评判还是单独评判，取决于判断是根据作品本身还是作者做出来的。故答案为A。

5.D。本文刚开始指出现在出现好多作者共同执笔的现象以及这一现象带来的社会问题，最后提出了一些解决办法。纵观全文，只有选项D更全面的概括了文章。故答案为D。

　　It was Friday, the day of the field trip on which Miss Joan would take her class to pick apples.

　　Miss Joan enjoyed picking apples with her students. She smiled as she led her students to the bus that would take them to the Greenly Apple Orchard(果园).

　　The bus ride was bumpy and the kids were a little noisy, but still Miss Joan was smiling.

　　The bus stopped in front of the Greenly Apple Orchard and the class got off quickly and quietly. Miss Joan made sure everyone was there. “What a glorious, sunny, apple picking day,” Miss Joan announced with her grandest smile.

　　Mr. Greenly was there to greet them. “Let’s see, there are eighteen children and two adults at three dollars each. That will be sixty dollars, please.”

　　Miss Joan held up the brochure in her hand. “It says that the price is two dollars each,” she pointed out. “That’s what I collected from everyone.”

　　“We’ve had to raise the price,” Mr. Greenly stated.

　　“You sent me this brochure after we made our reservation,” Miss Joan complained, “and it says two dollars!”

　　“Miss Joan, if you look at the bottom of this brochure,” Mr. Greenly said, “you’ll notice very important statement.”

　　Sure enough, in very tiny letters, it said, “Prices are subject to change without notice.”

　　Miss Joan was determined to keep her good mood. She took a twenty dollars bill out of her own purse and handed it to Mr. Greenly with the forty dollars she had in an envelope.

　　“Now children, do you all have your baskets?” Miss Joan called out. “Remember, each of you can pick as many apples as possible.”

　　Mr. Greenly said, “You can’t pick as many apples as possible.”

　　“I beg your pardon!” Miss Joan was not smiling now. “The brochure says, ‘ALL YOU CAN PICK’!”

　　Mr. Greenly pointed to the tiniest letters Miss Joan had ever almost seen. It also says, “Terms and conditions of group reservations are subject to change without notice.”

　　Miss Joan’s good mood was now history. She didn’t want to set a bad example for her students, so she said in a calm and quiet voice, “We’re going home, give me our money back, please.”

　　1. How many dollars did Miss Joan hand to Mr. Greenly?

　　A.20.

　　B.40.

　　C.60.

　　D.18.

　　2. The phrase “subject to change without notice” suggests________.

　　A.Mr. Greenly could change the terms at will

　　B.the customers should read the brochure carefully

　　C.Mr. Greenly could determine what apples to be picked

　　D.the customers should be informed beforehand

　　3. The students could not pick as many apples as they would like because________.

　　A.they were children

　　B.there were not enough apples

　　C.they had made a group reservation

　　D.they would eat up too many apples

　　4. “Miss Joan’s good mood was now history” (the last paragraph) means_______.

　　A.Miss Joan had been happy until that moment

　　B.Miss Joan was no longer interested in history

　　C.Miss Joan taught her students the history of the orchard

　　D.Miss Joan was good at concealing her feelings

　　5. What can we learn about Miss Joan from the story?

　　A.She did not read the brochure carefully.

　　B.She made a reservation after seeing the brochure.

　　C.She lost her temper in the end.

　　D.She didn’t know how to complain.

　　答案解析

　　1.C。根据文章论述可知，Miss Joan的信封里有40美元，自己掏腰包拿出20美元，所以共计60美元。故答案为C。

　　2.A。subject to change without notice意为“改变恕不通知”即Mr. Greenly可以改变任意改变条款，不需要通知给任何人。故答案为A。

　　3.C。因为他们是团购。文中“Terms and conditions of group reservations are subject to change without notice”意为“团购条件改变恕不通知”。故答案为C。

　　4. A。was history是固定词组，意为“结束了，过去了”，即从那时起Miss Joan不再高兴了。故答案为A。

5. A。根据文章论述可知，Miss Joan没有仔细看合同的条款，她只是看到那些很显眼的吸引人的广告，而没有看到小字书写的限制条款。故答案为A。

　　Children live in a world in which science has tremendous importance. During their lifetimes, it will affect them more and more. In time, many of them will work at jobs that depend heavily on science — for example, concerning energy sources, pollution control, highway safety, wilderness conservation, and population growth. As taxpayers, they will pay for scientific research and exploration. And, as consumers, they will be bombarded(受到轰击)by advertising, much of which is said to be based on science.

　　Therefore, it is important that children, the citizens of the future, become functionally acquainted with science — with the process and spirit of science, as well as with its facts and principles. Fortunately, science has a natural appeal for youngsters. They can relate it to so many things that they encounter — flashlights, tools, echoes and rainbows.

　　Besides, science is an excellent medium for teaching far more than content. It can help pupils learn to think logically, to organize and analyse ideas. It can provide practice in communication skills and mathematics. In fact, there is no area of the curriculum to which science cannot contribute, whether it is geography, history, language arts, music, or art!

　　Above all, good science teaching leads to what might be called a “scientific attitude”. Those who possess it seek answers through observing, experimenting, and reasoning, rather than blindly accepting the pronouncements of others. They weigh evidence carefully and reach conclusions with caution. While respecting the opinions of others, they expect honesty, accuracy, and objectivity and are on guard against hasty judgments and sweeping generalizations. All children should be developing this approach to solving problems, but it cannot be expected to appear automatically with the mere acquisition of information. Continual practice, through guided participation, is needed.

　　1. One of the reasons why science is important for children is that many of them will .

　　A.work in scientific research institutions

　　B.work at jobs closely related to science

　　C.make the final decision in matters concerning science

　　D.be fund-raisers for scientific research and exploration

　　2. There is no doubt that children like learning science because .

　　A.science is linked with many of the things they meet

　　B.science is a very easy subject for them to learn

　　C.they encounter the facts and principles of science daily

　　D.they are familiar with the process and spirit of science

　　3. Pupils can learn logical thinking while_______.

　　A.practicing communication skills

　　B.studying geography

　　C.taking art courses

　　D.learning science

　　4. People with a scientific attitude__________.

　　A.are ready to accept the pronouncements of others

　　B.tend to reach conclusions with certainty

　　C.are aware that others are likely to make hasty judgments

　　D.seek truth through observation, experimentation and reasoning

　　5. In the passage, the writer seems to___________.

　　A.prove that science is a successful course in school

　　B.point out that science as a course is now poorly taught in school

　　C.suggest that science should be included in the school curriculum

　　D.predict that children who learn science will be good scientists

　　答案解析：

　　1.B。根据文章第一段中“In time, many of them will work at jobs that depend heavily on science …”可知，孩子们将来的工作都会和科学紧密相连。故答案是B。

　　2. A。文章第二段最后一句讲到：“They can relate it to so many things that they encounter — flashlights, tools, echoes, and rainbows.”可知他们遇到的好多事情都是和科学有联系的。故答案为A。

　　3. D。根据文章第三段中“…science is an excellent medium for teaching far more than content. It can help pupils learn to think logically…”可知，学习科学可以培养孩子们的逻辑思考能力。故答案为D。

　　4. D。根据文章第四段中“Those who possess it(scientific attitude) seek answers through observing, experimenting, and reasoning…”可知，有科学态度的人通过观察、实验和推理来寻求真题。故答案为D。

　　5. C。这篇短文从一开始就在论证科学对孩子的重要性，文章最后指出“All children should be developing this approach to solving problems…”可以推断出，作者希望将科学知识纳入教学计划。故答案为C。