081. These writers, who can genuinely be said to have created a genre, the "railroad novel," are now mostly forgotten, their names having faded from memory.
The words "faded from" in line 21 are closest in meaning to
(A) grew in
(B) disappeared from
(C) remained in
(D) developed from
082. The engine that became standard on western steamboats was of a different and novel design. It was the work primarily of an unsung hero of American industrial progress, Oliver Evans (1755-1819) .
The word "novel" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) fictional
(B) intricate
(C) innovative
(D) powerful
083. The self-educated son of a Delaware farmer, Evans early became obsessed by the possibilities of mechanized production and steam power. As early as 1802 he was using a stationarysteam engine of high-pressure design in his mill. Engines of this type were not unknown, but before Evans they were generally considered impractical and dangerous.
The word "stationary" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) single
(B) fixed
(C) locomotive
(D) modified
084. In shallow western rivers the weight of vessel and engine was important; a heavy engine added to the problem of navigation.
The word "vessel" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) fuel
(B) crew
(C) cargo
(D) craft
085. The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and Arthur Schawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves.
The word "emerged" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) increased
(B) concluded
(C) succeeded
(D) appeared
The word "outlining" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) assigning
(B) studying
(C) checking
(D) summarizing
086. On this perfect surface, the artist would sketch a composition with chalk, refine it with inks, and then begin the deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint (egg yolk in which pigments are suspended) with small brushes.
The word "deliberate" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) decisive
(B) careful
(C) natural
(D) unusual
087. The quick-drying tempera demanded that the artist know exactly where each stroke be placed before the brush met the panel, and it required the use of fine brushes.
The word "demanded" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) ordered
(B) reported
(C) required
(D) questioned
088. The painter or master who is credited with having created the painting may have designed the work and overseen its production, but it is highly unlikely that the artist's hand applied every stroke of the brush. More likely, numerous assistants, who had been trained to imitate the artist's style, applied the paint.
The word "imitate" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) copy
(B) illustrate
(C) promote
(D) believe in
089. On the other hand, when it comes to substantive-particularly behavioral- information, crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones: the endangered California condor, to cite one obvious example. There are practical reasons for this.
The word "comparably" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) interestingly
(B) similarly
(C) otherwise
(D) sometimes
090. Being so educable, individual birds have markedly different interests and inclinations, strategies and scams.
The word "inclination" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) tricks
(B) opportunities
(C) preferences
(D) experiences
091. The confusion and congestion of individual citizens looking for their letters was itself enough to discourage use of the mail. It is no wonder that, during the years of these cumbersome arrangements, private letter- carrying and express businesses developed.
The word "cumbersome" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) burdensome
(B) handsome
(C) loathsome
(D) quarrelsome
092. But this delivery service was at first confined to cities, and free home delivery became a mark of urbanism. As late as 1887, a town had to have 10,000 people to be eligible for free home delivery.
The word "Confined" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) granted
(B) scheduled
(C) limited
(D) recommended
093. They were, by training, social scientists, not historians, and their work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help them understand, as scientists, how people behaved.
The word "framed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(B) read
(C) avoided
(D) posed
094. In Kingston, New York, for example, evidence has been uncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area.
The word "supposedly" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) ruthlessly
(B) tightly
(C) barely
(D) seemingly
095. And in Sacramento an excavation at the site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel revealed that garbage had been stashed in the building's basement despite sanitation laws to the contrary.
The word "sanitation" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) city
(B) housing
(C) health
(D) trade
096. When Jules Verne wrote Journey to the Center of the Earth in 1864, there were many conflicting theories about the nature of the Earth's interior. Some geologists thought that it contained a highly compressed ball of incandescent gas, while others suspected that it consisted of separate shells, each made of a different material.
The word "conflicting" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) controlling
(B) outdated
(C) opposing
(D) important
097. Beyond a depth of around 2,900 kilometers, a great change takes place and the mantle gives way to the core.< Some seismic waves cannot pass through the core and others are bent by it. From this and other evidence, geologists conclude that the outer core is probably liquid, with a solid center. It is almost certainly made of iron, mixed with smaller amount of other elements such as nickel.
The phrase "gives way to" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) runs along
(B) rubs against
(C) turns into
(D) floats on
098. Although scientists can speculate about its nature, neither humans nor machines will ever be able to visit it.
The word "speculate" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) report
(B) learn
(C) worry
(D) hypothesize
099. Farmers could get better prices for their crops if the alternative existed of sending them directly eastward to market, and merchants could sell larger quantities of their manufactured goods if these could be transported more directly and more economically to the west.
The word "alternative" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) option
(B) transition
(C) intention
(D) authorization
100. The distance was more than 350 miles, and there were ridges to cross and a wilderness of woods and swamps to penetrate. The word "penetrate" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) cut down
(B) go through
(C) fill up
(D) take over