AsyncTask的使用
本片不多说 直接引用:
http://www.ophonesdn.com/article/show/36
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/AsyncTask.html
?? 连接互联网的能力大大提升了移动电话的业务范围,中国移动很多出色的业务,像移动随身听,飞信等都是基于网络连接的应用程序,这也说明未来的移动互联网领域大有可为。因此深入掌握的联网应用程序的开发和设计至关重要。本文主要介绍在开发联网应用过程中如何管理线程,如何从主线程之外更新界面。?(作者:中国移动通信研究院 詹建飞)
为什么需要线程
?????? 假设需要开发一个联网应用程序,需要从一个网址抓取网页内容,这里读取的网页地址是笔者在本地机器上自己建立的服务器地址。当然在读取网页内容的时候,可以使用HttpClient提供的API,但是这并不是本文的介绍重点。缺乏联网程序开发经验的程序员可能写出下面的代码。
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01.package com.ophone.network;??
02.?
03.//这里为了节省篇幅,忽略了import项??
04.public class NetworkActivity extends Activity {??
05.?
06.??? // 显示任务的执行状态和返回结果??
07.??? private TextView message;??
08.??? private Button open;??
09.??? private EditText url;??
10.?
11.??? @Override?
12.??? public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {??
13.??????? super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);??
14.??????? setContentView(R.layout.main);??
15.??????? message = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.message);??
16.??????? url = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.url);??
17.??????? open = (Button) findViewById(R.id.open);??
18.??????? open.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {??
19.??????????? public void onClick(View arg0) {??
20.??????????????? connect();??
21.??????????? }??
22.??????? });??
23.??? }??
24.?
25.??? private String connect() {??
26.??????? try {??
27.??????????? HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();??
28.??????????? // params[0]代表连接的url??
29.??????????? HttpGet get = new HttpGet(url.getText().toString());??
30.??????????? HttpResponse response = client.execute(get);??
31.??????????? HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();??
32.??????????? long length = entity.getContentLength();??
33.??????????? InputStream is = entity.getContent();??
34.??????????? String s = null;??
35.??????????? if (is != null) {??
36.??????????????? ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();??
37.??????????????? byte[] buf = new byte[128];??
38.??????????????? int ch = -1;??
39.??????????????? int count = 0;??
40.??????????????? while ((ch = is.read(buf)) != -1) {??
41.??????????????????? baos.write(buf, 0, ch);??
42.??????????????????? count += ch;??
43.??????????????????? // 为了在模拟器中清楚地看到进度,让线程休眠1000ms??
44.??????????????????? Thread.sleep(50000);??
45.??????????????? }??
46.??????????????? s = new String(baos.toByteArray());??
47.??????????? }??
48.??????????? // 返回结果??
49.??????????? return s;??
50.??????? } catch (Exception e) {??
51.??????????? e.printStackTrace();??
52.??????? }??
53.??????? return null;??
54.??? }??
55.}?
package com.ophone.network; //这里为了节省篇幅,忽略了import项 public class NetworkActivity extends Activity { // 显示任务的执行状态和返回结果 private TextView message; private Button open; private EditText url; @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.main); message = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.message); url = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.url); open = (Button) findViewById(R.id.open); open.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() { public void onClick(View arg0) { connect(); } }); } private String connect() { try { HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient(); // params[0]代表连接的url HttpGet get = new HttpGet(url.getText().toString()); HttpResponse response = client.execute(get); HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity(); long length = entity.getContentLength(); InputStream is = entity.getContent(); String s = null; if (is != null) { ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); byte[] buf = new byte[128]; int ch = -1; int count = 0; while ((ch = is.read(buf)) != -1) { baos.write(buf, 0, ch); count += ch; // 为了在模拟器中清楚地看到进度,让线程休眠1000ms Thread.sleep(50000); } s = new String(baos.toByteArray()); } // 返回结果 return s; } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return null; } }
??????? 网络连接通常是比较耗时的,尤其是在当前的GPRS这种低速率的网络情况下,这样connect()方法可能需要3-5秒,甚至更长的时间才能返回页面的内容。如果此连接动作直接在主线程,也就是UI线程中处理,会发生什么情况呢?为了在模拟器中更好的模拟网络读取速度慢的情况,笔者在读取过程中让线程休眠了50秒,运行NetworkActivity,点击“连接”按钮。意外发生了,按钮长时间没有反应,整个界面似乎是“死”掉了。系统随后显示出了ANR(应用程序无响应)错误提示,如图1所示:
在线程中联网
为什么出现ANR?答案是联网动作阻塞在了主线程,长时间没有返回,这样OPhone弹出ANR错误。这个错误提示我们,如果否个任务可能需要长时间的运行才能返回,则必须把这个任务放置到单独线程中运行,避免阻塞UI线程。Java语言内置了对线程的支持,可以使用Thread类创建一个新线程,然后在run()方法中读取网页的内容,获得页面内容后调用TextView.setText()更新界面。修改后的connect()方法如下所示:
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01.private void connect() {??
02.??????? new Thread() {??
03.??????????? public void run() {??
04.??????????????? try {??
05.??????????????????? HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();??
06.??????????????????? // params[0]代表连接的url??
07.??????????????????? HttpGet get = new HttpGet(url.getText().toString());??
08.??????????????????? HttpResponse response = client.execute(get);??
09.??????????????????? HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();??
10.??????????????????? long length = entity.getContentLength();??
11.??????????????????? InputStream is = entity.getContent();??
12.??????????????????? String s = null;??
13.??????????????????? if (is != null) {??
14.??????????????????????? ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();??
15.??????????????????????? byte[] buf = new byte[128];??
16.??????????????????????? int ch = -1;??
17.??????????????????????? int count = 0;??
18.??????????????????????? while ((ch = is.read(buf)) != -1) {??
19.??????????????????????????? baos.write(buf, 0, ch);??
20.??????????????????????????? count += ch;??
21.??????????????????????? }??
22.??????????????????????? s = new String(baos.toByteArray());??
23.??????????????????????? message.setText(s);??
24.??????????????????? }??
25.??????????????? } catch (Exception e) {??
26.??????????????????? e.printStackTrace();??
27.??????????????? }??
28.??????????? }??
29.??????? }.start();??
30.??? }?
private void connect() { new Thread() { public void run() { try { HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient(); // params[0]代表连接的url HttpGet get = new HttpGet(url.getText().toString()); HttpResponse response = client.execute(get); HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity(); long length = entity.getContentLength(); InputStream is = entity.getContent(); String s = null; if (is != null) { ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); byte[] buf = new byte[128]; int ch = -1; int count = 0; while ((ch = is.read(buf)) != -1) { baos.write(buf, 0, ch); count += ch; } s = new String(baos.toByteArray()); message.setText(s); } } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }.start(); }
?????? 重新运行NetworkActivity,点击“连接”按钮。程序并没有像预期的那种获得网页的内容,并显示到TextView上。查看log可以看到在connect的执行过程中抛出了异常。接下来分析问题的所在。
使用Handler更新界面
??????? 其实,connect()方法中抛出的异常是由于界面更新引起的。Connect()方法直接在新启动的线程中调用message.setText()方法是不正确的。OPhone平台只允许在主线程中调用相关View的方法来更新界面。如果返回结果在新线程中获得,那么必须借助Handler来更新界面。为此,在NetworkActivity中创建一个Handler对象,并在handleMessage()中更新UI。
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01.//Task在另外的线程执行,不能直接在Task中更新UI,因此创建了Handler??
02.??? private Handler handler = new Handler() {??
03.??????? @Override?
04.??????? public void handleMessage(Message msg) {??
05.??????????? String m = (String) msg.obj;??
06.??????????? message.setText(m);??
07.??????? }??
08.??? };?
//Task在另外的线程执行,不能直接在Task中更新UI,因此创建了Handler private Handler handler = new Handler() { @Override public void handleMessage(Message msg) { String m = (String) msg.obj; message.setText(m); } };
当从connect()方法中获得网页内容后,使用如下方法更新界面。
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01.s = new String(baos.toByteArray());??
02.??? Message mg = Message.obtain();??
03.??? mg.obj = s;??
04.??? handler.sendMessage(mg);?
s = new String(baos.toByteArray()); Message mg = Message.obtain(); mg.obj = s; handler.sendMessage(mg);
??????? 重新运行NetworkActivity,点击“连接”按钮,结果如图2示,正确读取了网页的内容。
AsyncTask
??????? 看上去修改后的connect()方法已经可用了,但是这种匿名程的方式是存在缺陷的:第一,线程的开销较大,如果每个任务都要创建一个线程,那么应用程序的效率要低很多;第二,线程无法管理,匿名线程创建并启动后就不受程序的控制了,如果有很多个请求发送,那么就会启动非常多的线程,系统将不堪重负。另外,前面已经看到,在新线程中更新UI还必须要引入handler,这让代码看上去非常臃肿。
??????? 为了解决这一问题,OPhone在1.5版本引入了AsyncTask。AsyncTask的特点是任务在主线程之外运行,而回调方法是在主线程中执行,这就有效地避免了使用Handler带来的麻烦。阅读AsyncTask的源码可知,AsyncTask是使用java.util.concurrent框架来管理线程以及任务的执行的,concurrent框架是一个非常成熟,高效的框架,经过了严格的测试。这说明AsyncTask的设计很好的解决了匿名线程存在的问题。
??????? AsyncTask是抽象类,子类必须实现抽象方法doInBackground(Params... p) ,在此方法中实现任务的执行工作,比如连接网络获取数据等。通常还应该实现onPostExecute(Result r)方法,因为应用程序关心的结果在此方法中返回。需要注意的是AsyncTask一定要在主线程中创建实例。AsyncTask定义了三种泛型类型Params,Progress和Result。 (我的话:用的了泛型,这也是为什么android推荐安装jdk版本1.5以上的原因之一)
?Params 启动任务执行的输入参数,比如HTTP请求的URL。
?Progress 后台任务执行的百分比。
?Result 后台执行任务最终返回的结果,比如String。
?AsyncTask的执行分为四个步骤,与前面定义的TaskListener类似。每一步都对应一个回调方法,需要注意的是这些方法不应该由应用程序调用,开发者需要做的就是实现这些方法。在任务的执行过程中,这些方法被自动调用。
?onPreExecute() 当任务执行之前开始调用此方法,可以在这里显示进度对话框。
?doInBackground(Params...) 此方法在后台线程执行,完成任务的主要工作,通常需要较长的时间。在执行过程中可以调用publicProgress(Progress...)来更新任务的进度。不同线程,其他方法都是在主线程上
?onProgressUpdate(Progress...) 此方法在主线程执行,用于显示任务执行的进度。
?onPostExecute(Result) 此方法在主线程执行,任务执行的结果作为此方法的参数返回。
PageTask扩展了AsyncTask,在doInBackground()方法中读取网页内容。PageTask的源代码如下所示:
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01.// 设置三种类型参数分别为String,Integer,String??
02.??? class PageTask extends AsyncTask<String, Integer, String> {??
03.?
04.??????? // 可变长的输入参数,与AsyncTask.exucute()对应??
05.??????? @Override?
06.??????? protected String doInBackground(String... params) {??
07.??????????? try {??
08.??????????????? HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();??
09.??????????????? // params[0]代表连接的url??
10.??????????????? HttpGet get = new HttpGet(params[0]);??
11.??????????????? HttpResponse response = client.execute(get);??
12.??????????????? HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();??
13.??????????????? long length = entity.getContentLength();??
14.??????????????? InputStream is = entity.getContent();??
15.??????????????? String s = null;??
16.??????????????? if (is != null) {??
17.??????????????????? ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();??
18.??????????????????? byte[] buf = new byte[128];??
19.??????????????????? int ch = -1;??
20.??????????????????? int count = 0;??
21.??????????????????? while ((ch = is.read(buf)) != -1) {??
22.??????????????????????? baos.write(buf, 0, ch);??
23.??????????????????????? count += ch;??
24.??????????????????????? if (length > 0) {??
25.??????????????????????????? // 如果知道响应的长度,调用publishProgress()更新进度??
26.??????????????????????????? publishProgress((int) ((count / (float) length) * 100));??
27.??????????????????????? }??
28.??????????????????????? // 为了在模拟器中清楚地看到进度,让线程休眠100ms??
29.??????????????????????? Thread.sleep(100);??
30.??????????????????? }??
31.??????????????????? s = new String(baos.toByteArray());???????????? }??
32.??????????????? // 返回结果??
33.??????????????? return s;??
34.??????????? } catch (Exception e) {??
35.??????????????? e.printStackTrace();??
36.??????????? }??
37.??????????? return null;??
38.??????? }??
39.??????? @Override?
40.??????? protected void onCancelled() {??
41.??????????? super.onCancelled();??
42.??????? }??
43.??????? @Override?
44.??????? protected void onPostExecute(String result) {??
45.??????????? // 返回HTML页面的内容??
46.??????????? message.setText(result);??
47.??????? }??
48.??????? @Override?
49.??????? protected void onPreExecute() {??
50.??????????? // 任务启动,可以在这里显示一个对话框,这里简单处理??
51.??????????? message.setText(R.string.task_started);??
52.??????? }??
53.??????? @Override?
54.??????? protected void onProgressUpdate(Integer... values) {??
55.??????????? // 更新进度??
56.??????????? message.setText(values[0]);??
57.??????? }??
58.??? }?
// 设置三种类型参数分别为String,Integer,String class PageTask extends AsyncTask<String, Integer, String> { // 可变长的输入参数,与AsyncTask.exucute()对应 @Override protected String doInBackground(String... params) { try { HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient(); // params[0]代表连接的url HttpGet get = new HttpGet(params[0]); HttpResponse response = client.execute(get); HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity(); long length = entity.getContentLength(); InputStream is = entity.getContent(); String s = null; if (is != null) { ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); byte[] buf = new byte[128]; int ch = -1; int count = 0; while ((ch = is.read(buf)) != -1) { baos.write(buf, 0, ch); count += ch; if (length > 0) { // 如果知道响应的长度,调用publishProgress()更新进度 publishProgress((int) ((count / (float) length) * 100)); } // 为了在模拟器中清楚地看到进度,让线程休眠100ms Thread.sleep(100); } s = new String(baos.toByteArray()); } // 返回结果 return s; } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return null; } @Override protected void onCancelled() { super.onCancelled(); } @Override protected void onPostExecute(String result) { // 返回HTML页面的内容 message.setText(result); } @Override protected void onPreExecute() { // 任务启动,可以在这里显示一个对话框,这里简单处理 message.setText(R.string.task_started); } @Override protected void onProgressUpdate(Integer... values) { // 更新进度 message.setText(values[0]); } }
执行PageTask非常简单,只需要调用如下代码。重新运行NetworkActivity,不但可以抓取网页的内容,还可以实时更新读取的进度。读者尝试读取一个较大的网页,看看百分比的更新情况。
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01.PageTask task = new PageTask();??
02.??????? task.execute(url.getText().toString());?
PageTask task = new PageTask(); task.execute(url.getText().toString());
总结
本文介绍了OPhone联网应用开发中应该注意的两个问题:线程管理和界面更新。不但分析了问题的所在,也给出了多种解决方案。这里笔者推荐使用AsyncTask处理联网,播放大尺寸媒体文件等较为耗时的工作,不但执行效率高,也可以节省代码。
?3.
?
- class DownloadImagesTask extends AsyncTask<String, Integer, Bitmap> {private int imageViewID;protected void onPostExecute(Bitmap bitmap1) {setImage(imageViewID, bitmap1);}public void setImageId(int imageViewID) {this.imageViewID = imageViewID;}@Overrideprotected Bitmap doInBackground(String... url) {Bitmap bitmap1 =DownloadImage(url[0]);return bitmap1;}}
?
?
- DownloadImagesTask task1 = new DownloadImagesTask();task1.setImageId(R.id.img1);task1.execute("http://assets.devx.com/articlefigs/39810_1.jpg");
?
?
- private Bitmap DownloadImage(String URL){Bitmap bitmap = null;InputStream in = null;try {in = OpenHttpConnection(URL);bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeStream(in);in.close();} catch (IOException e1) {// TODO Auto-generated catch blocke1.printStackTrace();}return bitmap;}
?在其中使用进度对话框
?
?
- class?GetTask?extends?AsyncTask<Object,?Void,?String>? ?? ????{? ?? ????????Context?mContext;? ?? ????????????ProgressDialog?mDialog?=?null;? ?? ? ?? ????????????GetPhotoFeedTask(Context?context)? ?? ????{? ?? ????????mContext?=?context;? ?? ????}? ?? ? ?? ????????@Override? ?? ????????protected?void?onPreExecute()? ?? ????????{? ?? ????????????super.onPreExecute();? ?? ? ?? ?????????????mDialog?=?new?ProgressDialog(mContext);? ?? ?????????????mDialog.setMessage("Please?wait...");? ?? ?????????????mDialog.show();? ?? ????????}? ?? ????????????????@Override? ?? ????????protected?String?doInBackground(Object...?params)? ?? ????????{? ?? ??????????????????//?do?stuff?in?background?:?fetch?response? ?? ????????????????}? ?? ? ?? ????????????????@Override? ?? ????????protected?void?onPostExecute(String?result)? ?? ????????{? ?? ????????????super.onPostExecute(result);? ?? ????????????setProgressBarIndeterminateVisibility(false);? ?? ????????????//?mDialog.dismiss();? ?? ????????????????}? ?? }???
