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Union跟Union All的区别

发布时间: 2012-07-02 17:46:22 作者: rapoo

Union和Union All的区别
假设我们有一个表Student,包括以下字段与数据:

drop table student;create table student(id int primary key,name nvarchar2(50) not null,score number not null);insert into student values(1,'Aaron',78);insert into student values(2,'Bill',76);insert into student values(3,'Cindy',89);insert into student values(4,'Damon',90);insert into student values(5,'Ella',73);insert into student values(6,'Frado',61);insert into student values(7,'Gill',99);insert into student values(8,'Hellen',56);insert into student values(9,'Ivan',93);insert into student values(10,'Jay',90);commit;

首先,我们来看一下UNION的例子:


 view plaincopyprint?SQL> select *    2  from student    3  where id<4    4  union    5  select *    6  from student    7  where id>2 and id<6    8  ;            ID NAME                                SCORE  ---------- ------------------------------ ----------           1 Aaron                                  78           2 Bill                                   76           3 Cindy                                  89           4 Damon                                  90           5 Ella                                   73    SQL>  SQL> select *  2  from student  3  where id<4  4  union  5  select *  6  from student  7  where id>2 and id<6  8  ;        ID NAME                                SCORE---------- ------------------------------ ----------         1 Aaron                                  78         2 Bill                                   76         3 Cindy                                  89         4 Damon                                  90         5 Ella                                   73SQL>  


如果换成Union All连接两个结果集,则结果如下:



 view plaincopyprint?SQL> select *    2  from student    3  where id<4    4  union all    5  select *    6  from student    7  where id>2 and id<6    8  ;            ID NAME                                SCORE  ---------- ------------------------------ ----------           1 Aaron                                  78           2 Bill                                   76           3 Cindy                                  89           3 Cindy                                  89           4 Damon                                  90           5 Ella                                   73    6 rows selected.  SQL> select *  2  from student  3  where id<4  4  union all  5  select *  6  from student  7  where id>2 and id<6  8  ;        ID NAME                                SCORE---------- ------------------------------ ----------         1 Aaron                                  78         2 Bill                                   76         3 Cindy                                  89         3 Cindy                                  89         4 Damon                                  90         5 Ella                                   736 rows selected.  


可以看到,Union和Union All的区别之一在于对重复结果的处理。



接下来,我们交换一个两个SELECT语句的顺序,看看结果是怎样的。



 view plaincopyprint?SQL> select *    2  from student    3  where id>2 and id<6    4  union    5  select *    6  from student    7  where id<4    8  ;            ID NAME                                SCORE  ---------- ------------------------------ ----------           1 Aaron                                  78           2 Bill                                   76           3 Cindy                                  89           4 Damon                                  90           5 Ella                                   73    SQL> select *    2  from student    3  where id>2 and id<6    4  union all    5  select *    6  from student    7  where id<4    8  ;            ID NAME                                SCORE  ---------- ------------------------------ ----------           3 Cindy                                  89           4 Damon                                  90           5 Ella                                   73           1 Aaron                                  78           2 Bill                                   76           3 Cindy                                  89    6 rows selected.  SQL> select *  2  from student  3  where id>2 and id<6  4  union  5  select *  6  from student  7  where id<4  8  ;        ID NAME                                SCORE---------- ------------------------------ ----------         1 Aaron                                  78         2 Bill                                   76         3 Cindy                                  89         4 Damon                                  90         5 Ella                                   73SQL> select *  2  from student  3  where id>2 and id<6  4  union all  5  select *  6  from student  7  where id<4  8  ;        ID NAME                                SCORE---------- ------------------------------ ----------         3 Cindy                                  89         4 Damon                                  90         5 Ella                                   73         1 Aaron                                  78         2 Bill                                   76         3 Cindy                                  896 rows selected.  


可以看到,对于UNION来说,交换两个SELECT语句的顺序后结果仍然是一样的,这是因为UNION会自动排序。而UNION ALL在交换了SELECT语句的顺序后结果则不相同,因为UNION ALL不会对结果自动进行排序。



那么这个自动排序的规则是什么呢?我们交换一下SELECT后面选择字段的顺序(前面使用SELECT *相当于SELECT ID,NAME,SCORE),看看结果如何:



 view plaincopyprint?SQL> select score,id,name    2  from student    3  where id<4    4  union    5  select score,id,name    6  from student    7  where id>2 and id<6    8  ;         SCORE         ID NAME  ---------- ---------- ------------------------------          73          5 Ella          76          2 Bill          78          1 Aaron          89          3 Cindy          90          4 Damon  SQL> select score,id,name  2  from student  3  where id<4  4  union  5  select score,id,name  6  from student  7  where id>2 and id<6  8  ;     SCORE         ID NAME---------- ---------- ------------------------------        73          5 Ella        76          2 Bill        78          1 Aaron        89          3 Cindy        90          4 Damon  


可是看到,此时是按照字段SCORE来对结果进行排序的(前面SELECT *的时候是按照ID进行排序的)。



那么有人会问,如果我想自行控制排序,能不能使用ORDER BY呢?当然可以。不过在写法上有需要注意的地方:



 view plaincopyprint?select score,id,name  from student  where id > 2 and id < 7    union    select score,id,name  from student  where id < 4    union    select score,id,name  from student  where id > 8  order by id desc  select score,id,namefrom studentwhere id > 2 and id < 7unionselect score,id,namefrom studentwhere id < 4unionselect score,id,namefrom studentwhere id > 8order by id desc 



order by子句必须写在最后一个结果集里,并且其排序规则将改变操作后的排序结果。对于Union、Union All、Intersect、Minus都有效。



其他的集合操作符,如Intersect和Minus的操作和Union基本一致,这里一起总结一下:



Union,对两个结果集进行并集操作,不包括重复行,同时进行默认规则的排序;

Union All,对两个结果集进行并集操作,包括重复行,不进行排序;

Intersect,对两个结果集进行交集操作,不包括重复行,同时进行默认规则的排序;

Minus,对两个结果集进行差操作,不包括重复行,同时进行默认规则的排序。



可以在最后一个结果集中指定Order by子句改变排序方式。



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