android基础及基本应用
(一)、Activity
Android中,Activity是所有程序的根本,所有程序的流程都运行在Activity之中,Activity具有自己的生命周期(见http://www.cnblogs.com/feisky/archive/2010/01/01/1637427.html,由系统控制生命周期,程序无法改变,但可以用onSaveInstanceState保存其状态)。
对于Activity,关键是其生命周期的把握(如下图),其次就是状态的保存和恢复(onSaveInstanceState onRestoreInstanceState),以及Activity之间的跳转和数据传输(intent)。
Activity中常用的函数有SetContentView() findViewById() finish() startActivity(),其生命周期涉及的函数有:
void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)void onStart()void onRestart()void onResume()void onPause()void onStop()void onDestroy()
注意的是,Activity的使用需要在Manifest文件中添加相应的<Activity>,并设置其属性和intent-filter。
(二)、Intent
Android中提供了Intent机制来协助应用间的交互与通讯,Intent负责对应用中一次操作的动作、动作涉及数据、附加数据进行描述,Android则根据此Intent的描述,负责找到对应的组件,将 Intent传递给调用的组件,并完成组件的调用。Intent不仅可用于应用程序之间,也可用于应用程序内部的Activity/Service之间的交互。因此,Intent在这里起着一个媒体中介的作用,专门提供组件互相调用的相关信息,实现调用者与被调用者之间的解耦。在SDK中给出了Intent作用的表现形式为:
通过Context.startActivity() orActivity.startActivityForResult() 启动一个Activity;
通过 Context.startService() 启动一个服务,或者通过Context.bindService() 和后台服务交互;
通过广播方法(比如 Context.sendBroadcast(),Context.sendOrderedBroadcast(), Context.sendStickyBroadcast()) 发给broadcast receivers。
一、Intent属性的设置,包括以下几点:(以下为XML中定义,当然也可以通过Intent类的方法来获取和设置)
1、Action,也就是要执行的动作
SDk中定义了一些标准的动作,包括
<action android:name="com.example.project.SHOW_CURRENT" /><category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" /><data android:mimeType="video/mpeg" android:scheme="http" . . . /> <data android:mimeType="image/*" /><data android:scheme="http" android:type="video/*" />
完整的实例
<activity android:name="NotesList" android:label="@string/title_notes_list"> <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" /> <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" /> </intent-filter> <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW" /> <action android:name="android.intent.action.EDIT" /> <action android:name="android.intent.action.PICK" /> <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" /> <data android:mimeType="vnd.android.cursor.dir/vnd.google.note" /> </intent-filter> <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.intent.action.GET_CONTENT" /> <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" /> <data android:mimeType="vnd.android.cursor.item/vnd.google.note" /> </intent-filter> </activity>
三、Intent用法实例
1、无参数Activity跳转
Intent it = new Intent(Activity.Main.this, Activity2.class);startActivity(it);
2、向下一个Activity传递数据(使用Bundle和Intent.putExtras)
Intent it = new Intent(Activity.Main.this, Activity2.class);Bundle bundle=new Bundle();bundle.putString("name", "This is from MainActivity!");it.putExtras(bundle); // it.putExtra(“test”, "shuju”);startActivity(it); // startActivityForResult(it,REQUEST_CODE);对于数据的获取可以采用:
Bundle bundle=getIntent().getExtras();String name=bundle.getString("name");3、向上一个Activity返回结果(使用setResult,针对
startActivityForResult(it,REQUEST_CODE)启动的Activity) Intent intent=getIntent(); Bundle bundle2=new Bundle(); bundle2.putString("name", "This is from ShowMsg!"); intent.putExtras(bundle2); setResult(RESULT_OK, intent);4、回调上一个Activity的结果处理函数(onActivityResult)
@Override protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data); if (requestCode==REQUEST_CODE){ if(resultCode==RESULT_CANCELED) setTitle("cancle"); else if (resultCode==RESULT_OK) { String temp=null; Bundle bundle=data.getExtras(); if(bundle!=null) temp=bundle.getString("name"); setTitle(temp); } } }四、下面是转载来的其他的一些Intent用法实例(转自javaeye)
1、显示网页
Uri uri = Uri.parse("http://google.com"); Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, uri); startActivity(it);2、显示地图
Uri uri = Uri.parse("geo:38.899533,-77.036476"); Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, uri); startActivity(it); //其他 geo URI 例 //geo:latitude,longitude //geo:latitude,longitude?z=zoom //geo:0,0?q=my+street+address //geo:0,0?q=business+near+city //google.streetview:cbll=lat,lng&cbp=1,yaw,,pitch,zoom&mz=mapZoom3、路径规划
Uri uri = Uri.parse("http://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&saddr=startLat%20startLng&daddr=endLat%20endLng&hl=en"); Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, uri); startActivity(it); //where startLat, startLng, endLat, endLng are a long with 6 decimals //like:50.123456 4、打电话
(1)叫出拨号程序
Uri uri = Uri.parse("tel:0800000123"); Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_DIAL, uri); startActivity(it); (2)直接打电话出去
Uri uri = Uri.parse("tel:0800000123"); Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_CALL, uri); startActivity(it); //用,要在 AndroidManifest.xml 中,加上 //<uses-permission id="android.permission.CALL_PHONE" /> 5、传送SMS/MMS
(1)调用短信程序
Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, uri);
it.putExtra("sms_body", "The SMS text");
it.setType("vnd.android-dir/mms-sms");
startActivity(it);
(2)传送消息
Uri uri = Uri.parse("smsto://0800000123"); Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SENDTO, uri); it.putExtra("sms_body", "The SMS text"); startActivity(it); (3)传送 MMS
Uri uri = Uri.parse("content://media/external/images/media/23"); Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND); it.putExtra("sms_body", "some text"); it.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_STREAM, uri); it.setType("image/png"); startActivity(it); 6、邮件
(1)传送 Email
Uri uri = Uri.parse("mailto:xxx@abc.com"); Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SENDTO, uri); startActivity(it); Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND); it.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_EMAIL, "me@abc.com"); it.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_TEXT, "The email body text"); it.setType("text/plain"); startActivity(Intent.createChooser(it, "Choose Email Client")); Intent it=new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND); String[] tos={"me@abc.com"}; String[] ccs={"you@abc.com"}; it.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_EMAIL, tos); it.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_CC, ccs); it.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_TEXT, "The email body text"); it.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_SUBJECT, "The email subject text"); it.setType("message/rfc822"); startActivity(Intent.createChooser(it, "Choose Email Client"));(2)传送附件
Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND); it.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_SUBJECT, "The email subject text"); it.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_STREAM, "file:///sdcard/mysong.mp3"); sendIntent.setType("audio/mp3"); startActivity(Intent.createChooser(it, "Choose Email Client"));7、播放多媒体
Uri uri = Uri.parse("file:///sdcard/song.mp3"); Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, uri); it.setType("audio/mp3"); startActivity(it); Uri uri = Uri.withAppendedPath(MediaStore.Audio.Media.INTERNAL_CONTENT_URI, "1"); Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, uri); startActivity(it);8、Market 相关
(1)寻找某个应用
Uri uri = Uri.parse("market://search?q=pname:pkg_name"); Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, uri); startActivity(it); //where pkg_name is the full package path for an application (2)显示某个应用的相关信息
Uri uri = Uri.parse("market://details?id=app_id"); Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, uri); startActivity(it); //where app_id is the application ID, find the ID //by clicking on your application on Market home //page, and notice the ID from the address bar(3)Uninstall 应用程序
Uri uri = Uri.fromParts("package", strPackageName, null); Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_DELETE, uri); startActivity(it);