Homework review
I. Homework review
1.
In 1996, the sales showed a general downward trend. British shoppers spent about 9% on Monday. Then the spending rose considerably on Tuesday and increased slightly to about 14% on Wednesday followed by a small drop on Thursday. It shot up again on Friday and peaked at approximately 22% on Saturday before collapsing at below 5% on Sunday.
In contrast, there was a general upward trend in the spending at all retailers in Britain in 2000. Although the spending started at about 7% on Monday, a noticeable lower volume than in 1996, it grew sharply on Tuesday to about 12%. Since then, there was a steady increase until Friday. On Friday, it reached the peak at about 19% while the sales afterwards decreased gradually to about 18%, well up that in 1996.
2.
The bar chart illustrates three different photocopiers, Carda, KD and Sebu according to their purchase price, the warranty cost and their expected running costs for the first two years.
In terms of the purchase price, Sebu is the most expensive one priced at about $1000 while Carda only costs $600 and KD at $750.
In respect of the warranty cost, Sebu is the cheapest one at about only $100. On the other hand, KD costs $200 and Carda at $150.
One pays the least for the running costs of Sebu at $750 whereas Carda has the highest ones of $1200 and KD at $800.
To sum up, the expected total costs for the initial 2-year period for the Carda, KD and Sebu are $1900, $1800 and $1800 respectively.
(127 words)
Vocabulary Study
II. Vocabulary Study
u Animal words in the business context
watchdog noun [countable]
1 a person or group of people whose job is to protect the rights of people who buy things and to make sure companies do not do anything illegal or harmful 监管人，监管机构
a consumer watchdog 一个消费者的监管机构
top dog noun [countable]
the person who has the most power in a group, especially after a struggle 掌管大权的人
He always wanted to be the one in control, the top dog. 他总是想成为可以控制一切的人，即长官大权的人。
fat cat
informal someone who has too much money, especially someone who is paid too much for their job - used in order to show disapproval 贬义词：薪水过高的人
the fat cats at the top who have recently been given obscene pay increases 最近得到不公正涨薪的公司高层人士
cash cow noun [countable]
something that a company sells very successfully and that brings in a lot of money 畅销商品，给公司带来巨大收益的产品
predatory
1a predatory animal kills and eats other animals for food (动物或其习性)已捕食其他动物为主的，食肉的
2 trying to use someone’s weakness to get advantages for yourself - used to show disapproval掠夺成性的;故意破坏的
predatory pricing
poach verb
▶ANIMALS◀
[intransitive and transitive] to illegally catch or shoot animals, birds, or fish, especially on private land without permission 偷猎
Deer have been poached here for years.
▶PEOPLE◀
[transitive] to persuade someone who belongs to another organization, team etc to leave it and join yours, especially in a secret or dishonest way 挖墙脚
That company’s always poaching our staff.
poach from
Several of their reporters were poached from other papers.
What shapes corporate culture?
III. What shapes corporate culture?
1. Speaking.
Vocabulary:
Mission statement: a statement of the aims, purpose and future activities of an organization 宗旨说明，任务说明(内容包括机构的目标、宗旨和未来的活动)
code noun
▶LAWS/BEHAVIOUR◀
[countable]a set of rules, laws, or principles that tell people how to behave
their moral code 道德法规
Each state in the US has a different criminal and civil code. 美国每个州的民法和刑法都不同。
The judge ruled that there had been no breach of the code. 法官判决该案件没有违反法规。
There were plans to introduce a dress code (=rules about what to wear) for civil servants. 政府有计划引入公务员着装制度。
What does each tell us about a company’s culture?
Mission statement: clearly explains a company’s goals and focus. The fact that a company has a formal mission statement suggests it is organized and keen on promoting a cohesive attitude within the staff. The fact that the mission statement needs to be explicit may suggest there is some diversity of attitudes within the staff.
Organizational hierarchy: can show how traditional a company is, whether power is centralized and the extent to which employees are empowered.
Company buildings: can reflect attitudes to hierarchy and relative importance of staff, e.g. through impressive offices, separate floors or separate dining room for senior staff.
Dress code: can influence or reflect the degree of formality in a company.
2. Reading.
A strong and living corporate culture
cornerstone noun [countable]
1something that is extremely important because everything else depends on it基石，重要的事物
cornerstone of
The magazine became the cornerstone of McFadden’s publishing empire. 这本杂志是….出版王国日后成功的基础。
2a stone at one of the bottom corners of a building, often put in place at a special ceremony
ￚsynonym foundation stone
vitality noun [uncountable]
1 great energy and eagerness to do things 活力
Despite her eighty years, Elsie was full of vitality. 尽管她已经是一位八十岁的老人，… 还是充满活力。
2 the strength and ability of an organization, country etc to continue (组织机构，国家等的)力量，能力
The process of restructuring has injected some much-needed vitality into the company. 这次机构重组向这家公司注入了急需的能量。
vitality of
The senator promised to restore the economic vitality of the region. 参议员许诺说要重振这个地区的经济活力。
belonging noun [uncountable] 归属
It’s important to have a sense of belonging (=a feeling that you are happy and comfortable somewhere). 有归属感很重要。
bind verb
past tense and past participle bound
▶FORM A CONNECTION◀
[transitive] to form a strong emotional or economic connection between two people, countries etc 联合
ￚsynonym unite
bind somebody/something together
Their shared experiences in war helped to bind the two communities together. 战争中有着共同经历帮助这两个国家走到一起。
impose verb
1 [transitive] if someone in authority imposes a rule, punishment, tax etc, they force people to accept it 强制实施规定、处罚、征税
The court can impose a fine or a prison sentence. 法庭强制实施罚款或入狱服刑。
impose something on something/somebody
The government imposed a ban on the sale of ivory. 政府强制执行禁止销售象牙的行为。
2 [transitive] to force someone to have the same ideas, beliefs etc as you 强迫某人与你有同样的想法
impose something on somebody
parents who impose their own moral values on their children将自己道德的标准强加给孩子们的家长
3 [intransitive] formal to expect or ask someone to do something for you when this is not convenient for them 希望别人替你做某事
impose on/upon
We could ask to stay the night, but I don’t want to impose on them. 我们可以问一问可否逗留在这一夜，但是我不想非让他们接受这个请求。
4 [transitive] to have a bad effect on something or someone and to cause problems for them 引起坏影响，引起问题
impose a burden/hardship etc (on somebody/something)
Military spending imposes a huge strain on the economy. 军费开支给经济带来大
imposing adjective large, impressive, and appearing important 给人深刻印象的
an imposing building 一座壮观的建筑物
He’s a tall, quietly spoken, but imposing figure. 他个子高还不爱说话，但却是一位给人留下深刻印象的人。
exaggerate verb [intransitive and transitive]
to make something seem better, larger, worse etc than it really is夸张;夸大
I couldn’t sleep for three days - I’m not exaggerating. 我三天没有睡觉了 --- 我绝对没有夸大事实。
it’s easy/difficult/impossible to exaggerate something
humility noun [uncountable]谦虚，谦恭
the quality of not being too proud about yourself - use this to show approval
---synonym modesty
---humble adj.
modest adjective
▶NOT PROUD◀
someone who is modest does not want to talk about their abilities or achievements谦虚的;谦让的 ￚ反义词 immodest, boastful
modest about
He was always modest about his role in the Everest expedition. 他对自己在此次珠穆朗玛峰探险活动中承担的职责表现得很谦逊。
You’re too modest! You’ve been a huge help to us. 您太谦虚了，您对我们的帮助太大了。
▶NOT BIG◀
not very great, big, or expensive 不大，不昂贵
a modest increase in costs 价格的小幅上涨
She had saved a modest amount of money. 她只攒了一点钱。
The new service proved a modest success. 这项新的服务只取得了一些成绩。
a modest house with a small garden 一所不大的房子，有一个小花园
his modest ambitions 她的小理想
▶SHY◀
shy about showing your body or attracting sexual interest, because you are easily embarrassed 羞涩 ￚ反义词 immodest
She was a modest girl, always keeping covered, even in summer. 她是个羞涩的女孩，尽管在炎热的夏季也把自己包裹得很严实。
ￚmodestly adverb ’I was just lucky,’ he said modestly. “我只是很幸运而已，”他谦虚地说到。
thrift noun [uncountable] 节约，节俭
old-fashioned wise and careful use of money, so that none is wasted
thrifty adjective using money carefully and wisely
hardworking, thrifty people
ￚthriftily adverb
ￚthriftiness noun [uncountable]
unpretentious adjective
not trying to seem better, more important etc than you really are - use this to show approval 不矫揉造作的，
an unpretentious hotel 一间朴实的饭店
an unpretentious woman 一位不矫揉造作的女性
pretentious adjective
if someone or something is pretentious, they try to seem more important, intelligent, or high class than they really are in order to be impressive 矫揉造作的
ￚ反义词 unpretentious
a pretentious film 一部虚情假意的电影
ￚpretentiously adverb
ￚpretentiousness noun [uncountable]
associate with
to spend time with someone, especially someone that other people disapprove of 与人相处
e.g. I don’t like these layabouts you’re associating with. 我不喜欢你与这些有手好闲的人在一起。
status symbol noun [countable]
something that you have or own that you think shows high social rank or position 象征地位的事物
A Rolls Royce is seen as a status symbol. 一辆劳斯莱斯汽车被看作是地位的象征。
flashy adjective informal
1 big, bright, or expensive, and intended to be impressive - used to show disapproval 奢华的
large flashy cars
2 someone who is flashy wears expensive clothes, jewellery etc in a way that is intended to be impressive - used to show disapproval
a flashy dresser 穿着光鲜的人
cut across 朝近路穿过，超越，不顾，不理会;与相……抵触
impulse noun [uncountable and countable] a sudden strong desire to do something without thinking about whether it is a sensible thing to do 强烈的愿望，推动，驱使
ￚsynonym urge
impulse to do something
a sudden impulse to laugh
Marge’s first impulse was to run.
Gerry couldn’t resist the impulse to kiss her.
on impulse
On impulse, I picked up the phone and rang her.
Most beginners buy plants on impulse and then hope for the best.
impulse buying/shopping (=when you buy things that you had not planned to buy) 冲动似的购物
follow something ↔ up phrasal verb
1 to find out more information about something and take action if necessary 把...探究到底
The police take people’s statements and then follow them up. 警方获得人们的说法，之后把这些说法追究到底。
2 to do something in addition to what you have already done in order to make it more likely to succeed用进一步的行动加强，继续做
follow something ↔ up with
If there is no response to your press release, follow it up with a phone call. 如果对于你的新闻发布会还没有回应的话，你应该电话在继续把此事落实。
This experiment was quickly followed up by others using different forms of the drug. 这项试验很快由其他人使用这种药物的其他形式来继续完成。
follow-up adjective [only before noun]
done in order to find out more or do more about something 进一步的
a follow-up study on children and poverty 对于儿童和贫穷问题的进一步研究
rebuke verb [transitive] formal to speak to someone severely about something they have done wrong指责，谴责
ￚsynonym reprimand
rebuke somebody for doing something
Members of the jury were sharply rebuked for speaking to the press. 公众严厉谴责陪审团成员向报纸发表意见。
ￚrebuke noun [uncountable and countable]
a rebuke from the President 总统的批评
rest on/upon something phrasal verb
1 formal to depend on something 依赖
Success in management ultimately rests on good judgment. 成功的管理最终依赖好的判断力。
2 formal to be based on a particular idea or set of facts 依据某种看法或事实
The case against my client rests entirely on circumstantial evidence. 这个针对我客户的官司完全是依据间接证据。
3 if your eyes rest on something, you notice it and look at it 注意到，看到
His eyes rested on a small figure in the distance. 他注意到远处的一个小身影。
perceptive adjective someone who is perceptive notices things quickly and understands situations, people’s feelings etc well - used to show approval
理解的，反映敏锐的，灵敏的
a perceptive young man 一位反应灵敏的年轻人
highly perceptive comments 反应非常迅速的评价
You’re right. That’s very perceptive of you. 你是对的。你真是反应灵敏。
ￚperceptively adverb
ￚperceptiveness noun [uncountable]
Suggested answer
Company values: simplicity, humility, thrift, responsibly, enthusiasm, flexibility, openness
Company policies: absence of status symbols (e.g. no first-class hotel, directors’ dining rooms or flashy cars), recruitment of people who share the company’s values, internal promotion, listening to and encourage new ideas and initiatives, managers being involved in details.
Staff profile: people share IKEA’s basic values and are also strong enough to question and change things if necessary. People are both internally promoted and recruited from outside. People have a sense of responsibility and can follow things up. Managers need to be willing to be involved in detail.
3. Language.
Gerunds and infinitives
The uses of the gerund and infinitive which appear in the text are as follows:
Gerunds
l When the verb is the subject of the sentence:
Keeping our culture alive is management’s key task.
l After prepositions:
Our corporate culture is based on a natural way of working and being together.
l After certain verbs:
Caring means listening and encouraging new ideas.
Infinitives
l After certain verbs:
Our customers don’t expect to pay for first-class hotels.
l After modals (without to):
Our managers must know their job.
l After enough:
We also want people…who are strong enough to question, renew and change.
l To indicate purpose:
There are no status symbols to create barriers between managers and their fellow workers.
l After certain nouns;
A great deal depends on our managers’ perceptiveness and ability to care.
l In an introductory phrase with is
The best way is to set a good example and care about the employees.
Further patterns with gerunds and infinitives:
Gerunds
l After certain expressions, e.g. It’s no use, It’s not worth
l After to when used as a preposition, e.g. I look forward to, the key to, to be used to
Infinitives
l After certain adjectives, e.g. difficult, easy, ready
l After too+ word, e.g. too much, too weak
You should also learn which verbs are followed by gerunds and which by infinitives.
e.g. Gerunds: appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, postpone, risk, suggest
Infinitives: afford, choose, decide, manage, plan, refuse, tend
Useful nouns followed by the infinitive are: decision, thing, time.
Although some verbs, such as like, can be followed by either gerunds or infinitives with little effect on meaning, you need to be aware of those verbs where the choice does affect meaning significantly.
e.g.
I remember sending him the fax. To refer back to a specific past action
I must remember to send the fax today. To refer to a future action
Promotion will mean working longer hours. When mean = involve
He didn’t mean to delete the file. When mean = intend
We tried cutting costs but profits didn’t improve. We tried out a possible way of reaching our objective.
We tried to improve profits. We attempted to reach our objective.
TheIKEAway
IV. The IKEA way
1. A
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. C
Vocabulary
kroner: the standard unit of money in Denmark and Norway 丹麦、挪威克朗
put down to: to think that something is caused by something else 由…引起
I was having difficulty reading, which I put down to the poor light. 我感到读书有困难，我总结的原因是光线不好。
uniform adjective
being the same in all its parts or among all its members 统一的，一致的
Grade A eggs must be of uniform size. 甲级鸡蛋必须尺寸一致。
ￚuniformly adverb
uniform noun [uncountable and countable]
1 a particular type of clothing worn by all the members of a group or organization such as the police, the army etc 制服
school/army/police etc uniform 学校制服/军队制服/警察制服
He was still wearing his school uniform.
2 in uniform
a) wearing a uniform 穿制服
He was on duty and in uniform.
b) in the Army, Navy etc 在军队
my 33 years in uniform
bond verb
1 [intransitive] if two things bond with each other, they become firmly fixed together, especially after they have been joined with glue 紧密地联结
It takes less than 10 minutes for the two surfaces to bond. 只花十分钟不到的时间就可以把两个表面粘连起来。
2 [intransitive] to develop a special relationship with someone 发展与某人的特殊关系
bond with
Time must be given for the mother to bond with her baby. 必须要给母亲时间去发展同小孩子之间的母子关系。
valid adjective
1 a valid ticket, document, or agreement is legally or officially acceptable 合法的，可以接受的
ￚopposite invalid
a valid credit card 有效的信用卡
Your return ticket is valid for three months. 你的往返机票三个月内有效。
2 valid reason/argument/criticism etc
a reason, argument etc that is based on what is reasonable or sensible 合理的
Police officers must have a valid reason for stopping motorists. 警察必须要有合理的理由才能拦截开车人。
3 a valid password, ID etc is one that will be accepted by a computer system 有效的
ￚopposite invalid
ￚvalidity noun [uncountable]
I would question the validity of that statement.
originate verb
1 [intransitive always + adverb/preposition, not in progressive] formal to come from a particular place or start in a particular situation 起源，
originate from
A lot of our medicines originate from tropical plants. 许多药物的原料是从热带植物上提取出来的。
originate in
Many Christmas traditions originated in Germany. 许多圣诞节的习俗都是起源于德国。
2 [transitive] to have the idea for something and start it 由…想出
The technique was originated by an Italian artist. 这种工艺是由一位意大利的艺术家想到的.
original adjective
▶FIRST◀
[only before noun] existing or happening first, before other people or things 最初的
The land was returned to its original owner. 这片土地归还给了它最初的拥有者。
The kitchen still has many original features (=parts that were there when the house was first built). 这间厨房还保留有许多原来的特点。
the original meaning of the word 这个单词最初的意思
The original plan was to fly out to New York.最初的计划是先飞纽约。
▶NEW◀ completely new and different from anything that anyone has thought of before 创新的
I don’t think George is capable of having original ideas! 我认为乔治没有这么多创造性的想法。
That’s not a very original suggestion. 这并不是一个有创造性的想法。
a highly original design 一个创造性极强的设计
▶A WORK OF ART◀ [only before noun] an original work of art is the one that was made by the artist and is not a copy
The original painting is now in the National Gallery in London. 这幅油画的原件被保存在了位于伦敦的国家美术馆中。
original noun [countable]
1 a work of art or a document that is not a copy, but is the one produced by the writer or artist
The colours are much more striking in the original. I’ll keep a copy of the contract, and give you the original.
2 in the original in the language that a book, play etc was first written in, before it was translated 原文(未翻译)
I’d prefer to read it in the original. 我想读原版的。
originality noun [uncountable]
when something is completely new and different from anything that anyone has thought of before 创造性，创新性
I was impressed by the originality of the plan. 我对这个计划的创造性留下了深刻的印象。
Her earlier work shows a lot of originality. 她最初的工作显示了很多的创新性。
A lot of his designs lack originality.
a young writer of great originality
evolve verb [intransitive and transitive]
1 if an animal or plant evolves, it changes gradually over a long period of time 演变
evolve from
Fish evolved from prehistoric sea creatures. 鱼是由史前海洋动物演变而来的。
2 to develop and change gradually over a long period of time 发展
The school has evolved its own style of teaching. 这所学校逐渐发展了自己的教学风格。
Businesses need to evolve rapidly. 企业需要迅速发展。
evolve out of
The idea evolved out of work done by British scientists. 这个想法是从英国科学家的工作中逐渐得来的。
evolve into
The group gradually evolved into a political party. 这个团体逐渐演变成一个政党。
relate to: to feel that you understand someone’s problem, situation etc
e.g. Laurie finds it difficult to relate to children.
e.g. I know he feels upset, and I can relate to that.
transfer verb
past tense and past participle transferred present participle transferring
▶MOVE TO DIFFERENT PLACE ETC◀
[intransitive and transitive] to move from one place, school, job etc to another, or to make someone do this, especially within the same organization转学，调动工作
transfer (from something) to something
transfer somebody (from something) to something
You’ll be transferred to the Birmingham office.你将会被调到伯明翰的办公室上班。
▶SPORTS PERSON◀
[transitive] to sell a sports player to another team 体育运动员的转会
He was tranferred for a fee of ￡8 million. 他以8百万英镑转会。
▶MONEY◀
[transitive] to move money from one account or institution to another 转账
transfer something (from something) to something
I’d like to transfer $500 to my checking account. 我想把这500元转到活期账户。
7 transfer power/responsibility/control (to somebody) 移交权力
to officially give power etc to another person or organization
The ageing president is preparing to transfer power to his son. 这位年老的总统准备把他的权力移交给他的儿子。
▶PHONE◀ [transitive] to connect the call of someone who has telephoned you to someone else’s telephone so that that person can speak to them 转接电话
Hold on one moment while I transfer your call. 少等片刻，我把你的电话转进去。
▶TRAVEL◀ [intransitive and transitive] to change from one bus, plane etc to another while you are travelling, or arrange for someone to do this 转机
You will be met on arrival at the airport and transferred to your hotel. 有人会在机场接你，然后把你送到饭店。
▶INFORMATION/MUSIC◀ [transitive] to copy recorded information, music etc from one system to another复制信息，音乐
Transfer the files onto floppy disk. 把这些文件复制到软盘上。
---transfer noun
payoff noun [countable]
1 an advantage or profit that you get as a result of doing something回报;盈利
With electric cars there is a big environmental payoff. 电动汽车会有助于环境。
2 a payment that is made to someone, often illegally, in order to stop them from causing you trouble 堵口费
Union leaders allegedly received huge payoffs from the company’s bosses. 工会领导们被指控收取了公司老板的大笔堵口费。
3 a payment made to someone when they are forced to leave their job 遣散费
The average payoff to staff was about ￡2000.发放给员工的平均遣散费是2000英镑。
clone: to make an exact copy of a plant or animal by taking a cell from it and developing it artificially
pass something ↔ on
to give someone a piece of information that someone else has given to you 讲别人告诉你的消息转告他人
pass something ↔ on to
She said she’d pass the message on to the other students. 她说她已经将这消息转告给了其他学生。
figure verb [intransitive] to be an important part of a process, event, or situation, or to be included in something 成为…中的重要组成部分
figure in/among
Environmental issues figured prominently in the talks. 环保问题成为这些谈话的突出内容。
My wishes didn’t figure among his considerations. 我的希望并没有在他的考虑中占很重要的位置。
Reform now figures high on the agenda. 改革现在成为议事日程中的重要内容。
conjunction noun
1 in conjunction with somebody/something
working, happening, or being used with someone or something else 同时使用、发生、工作
The worksheets are designed to be used in conjunction with the new course books.
2 [countable] a combination of different things that have come together by chance 不同事情的组合
conjunction of
a happy conjunction of events 各种事情的完满结合
walk the walk
to do the things that people expect or think are necessary in a particular situation 遵循行为规范办事
People are motivated by leaders who actually walk the walk. 人们被那些举止得体的领导激励。
talk the talk
American English informal to say the things that people expect or think are necessary in a particular situation 说该说的话
She didn’t talk the talk of feminism, but her career was the most important thing in her life. 她从不谈论女权主义，但是她的职业生涯是她生命中最重要的事情。
walk the talk 言必行，行必果
flash adjective
1 flash flood/fire
a flood or fire that happens very quickly or suddenly, and continues for only a short time 迅速发生并很快消失的水灾/火灾
2 British English informal looking very new, bright, and expensive - used to show disapproval 新的，鲜亮的，昂贵的
a big flash car
3 British English informal liking to have expensive clothes and possessions so that other people notice you - used to show disapproval 穿着奢侈的
Chris didn’t want to seem flash in front of his mates.
identify with phrasal verb
1 identify with somebody/something
to feel sympathy with someone or be able to share their feelings 同情，理解
Humans can easily identify with the emotional expressions of chimpanzees. 人类可以很容易地理解大猩猩的情感表达。
He identified with our distress and despair. 他理解我们的悲伤和绝望。
2 identify somebody with something
to think that someone is very closely related to or involved with something such as a political group 与….密切相连
She has always been identified with the radical left.她总被认为是激进的左翼人士。
3 identify something with somebody/something
to think that something is the same as, or closely related to, something else 有…关联
the attempt to identify crime with poverty and social problems 为寻找证据说明犯罪与贫穷和社会问题有关联而做出的努力
buy into something phrasal verb
1 informal to accept that an idea is right and allow it to influence you 接受，认同
I never bought into this idea that you have to be thin to be attractive. 我从来都不认同只有变瘦才会漂亮的想法。
2 to buy part of a business or organization, especially because you want to control it 收购
Investors were invited to buy into state-owned enterprises. 政府邀请各方投资人来收购国有公司。
philosophy noun
1 [uncountable] the study of the nature and meaning of existence, truth, good and evil, etc 哲学
2 [countable] the views of a particular philosopher or group of philosophers 哲学思想
3 [countable] the attitude or set of ideas that guides the behaviour of a person or organization 思想
The company explained their management philosophy. 这家公司解释说明他们的管理理念。
induction noun
1 [uncountable and countable] the introduction of someone into a new job, company, official position etc, or the ceremony at which this is done 新员工对工作、公司情况、职位等的介绍
induction course/programme/period etc
a two-day induction course
Mrs Simpson is responsible for the induction of new library staff.
orientation noun
[uncountable] a period of time during which people are trained and prepared for a new job or course of study 迎新情况介绍会
This is orientation week for all the new students. 这是面对所有新生举办的介绍周。
step down phrasal verb
to leave your job or official position, because you want to or because you think you should辞职，让位，下台
Morris should step down until the investigation is completed.莫里斯应该在调查结束后辞职。
step down as
Eve Johnson has stepped down as chairperson. ….从总裁的岗位上下来了。
step down from
He was forced to step down from his post. 他被迫从他的岗位上辞职。
in situ adv.
if something remains in situ, it remains in its usual place 保持原样
2. Listening.
Speaker 1: simplicity, humility, a sense of responsibility
Speaker 2: simplicity, openness
Speaker 3: humility, openness, enthusiasm, simplicity
Speaker 4: simplicity
Speaker 5: thrift
Vocabulary
open-plan office: British English
an open-plan office, school etc does not have walls dividing it into separate rooms
cubicle noun [countable]
a small part of a room that is separated from the rest of the room小隔间，小单间
a shower cubicle
office workers in their cubicles
partition noun
1 [countable] a thin wall that separates one part of a room from another 房间的隔板
2 [uncountable] the action of separating a country into two or more independent countries 国家的分离
partition of
the partition of India 印度的分裂
partition verb [transitive + into]
to divide a country, building, or room into two or more parts 分割(国家，楼房，房间)
partition something ↔ off phrasal verb
to divide part of a room from the rest by using a partition
They partitioned off part of the living room to make a study. 他们把起居室分割出一部分用作书房。
bypass verb [transitive]
1 to go around a town or other busy place rather than through it 绕过
Interstate 8 bypasses the town to the north.
2 to avoid obeying a rule, system, or someone in an official position 忽视，回避，
Francis bypassed his manager and wrote straight to the director. 弗朗西斯绕过了他的经理，直接给总经理写信。
front line noun
1 [countable usually singular] the place where fighting happens in a war 前线
ￚsynonym front
in/on the front line
troops who had served in the front line at Magdeburg
three miles behind the front line
2 in the front line
a) doing something that has not been done before 做前任未作过的事情
in the front line of the fight against cancer
ￚfront-line adjective [only before noun]
front-line troops
map something ↔ out phrasal verb
to plan carefully how something will happen 仔细地谋划
Her own future had been mapped out for her by wealthy and adoring parents. 她既有钱又宠爱她的父母已经把她的未来都安排好了。
napkin noun [countable] a square piece of cloth or paper used for protecting your clothes and for cleaning your hands and lips during a meal餐巾纸
ￚsynonym serviette
check out phrasal verb
▶MAKE SURE◀
a) check something ↔ out
to make sure that something is actually true, correct, or acceptable 调查
ￚ同义词 investigate
I made a phone call to check out his address. 我打电话向要查到他的住处。
check something ↔ out with
Check it out with your boss before you do anything. 在做事之前要先向你的老板把情况调查清楚。
b) if information checks out, it is proved to be true, correct, or acceptable 真实，正确
His credit record checks out.他的信用记录证实可靠。
▶LOOK AT SOMEBODY/SOMETHING◀
check somebody/something ↔ out
to look at someone or something because they are interesting or attractive 查阅，浏览
If I hear about a website that sounds interesting, I check it out. 如果我听说某个网站有意思，我就会登陆浏览。
Hey, check out that car! 嘿，瞧瞧那辆车。
▶GET INFORMATION◀
check somebody ↔ out
informal to get information about someone, especially to find out if they are suitable for something 获取信息
I’ll check them out as potential employers. 我会了解有关他们的情况，看看他们有没有这个潜质成为老板。
▶HOTEL◀
to leave a hotel after paying the bill 从饭店结账
We checked out at noon. 我们马上结账。
▶BOOKS◀
check something ↔ out
American English to borrow a book from a library 从图书馆借书
The library allows you to check out six books at a time. 图书馆允许一次借阅六本书。
aura [countable] a quality or feeling that seems to surround or come from a person or a place 氛围，气氛
aura of
The building retains an aura of mystery. 这座建筑留有神秘的气氛。
Additional Reading on Clothes
A:
I’m the manager of the loan department of a large bank in Los Angeles. I guess I’m pretty conservative. I usually wear a three-piece suit to work. I like plain shirts, striped ties, and regular black shoes.
我是位于洛杉基一家大银行信贷部的经理。我想我算是比较保守的人。我总是穿着三件套的西服去上班。我喜欢素色衬衫、条形领带和传统的黑鞋。
Patterned clothes, checked tie, spot tie, dotted tie
B.
I’m a lawyer with a firm in Boston. I’m really interested in clothes. I usually wear a suit, and I like colorful shirts and patterned ties. I often wear suspenders, too.
我是波士顿一家律师事务所的律师。我特别喜欢服装。我总是穿着西服，我喜欢颜色鲜艳的衬衫和有图案的领带。我还总是穿着吊带裤。
C.
I’m a marketing executive with a large advertising agency in Chicago. I like to look professional, so I usually wear a suit with a medium-length skirt, and a simple blouse. I like strong colors: red or purple are my favorites.
我是芝加哥一家大型广告公司市场部的高级管理人员。我喜欢看上去很职业化，所以我总是穿着西服和中等长度的裙子和一件样式简单的女式衬衫。我喜欢亮丽的色彩：红色或紫色是我最喜欢的颜色。
D.
I work in the mailroom of a Wall Street firm. I wear casual clothes: an open-neck shirt, or T-shirt, and jeans, and sneakers. Anything comfortable. Oh, and I always wear an earring- some of the older guys don’t like it.
我在华尔街一家公司的信件部门工作。我总是穿着休闲装：一件开领衬衫或T恤，一条牛仔裤和一双旅游鞋。只要是舒服的衣服。啊，我总是带着耳环，一些年岁大的人看不惯它。
1. Speaking.
anecdote noun [countable] a short story based on your personal experience轶闻;趣事
The book is full of amusing anecdotes about his life in Japan.
2. Writing.
Limitless Horizons, our travel agency and advisory service specialising in adventure holidays in remote locations, was founded in 1989 by Rob Davies. We do not arrange accommodation in well-known resorts, thus encouraging travelers to discover the real country they are visiting. We constantly seek out new adventure holidays which will allow travelers to mix with local people rather than retreat to the beach or their hotel.
Although all our advice is impartial, it is influenced by certain core values:
l Respect for local values and practices
l Respect for individual needs and independence
l Belief in the need to limit the environmental impact of our activities
We believe that as privileged visitors to sometimes fragile environments, we should take nothing but photographs and leave nothing but footprints.
Wherever possible, we encourage the use of small independent companies. We also insist on local guides and seek to house travelers in modest accommodation. Our clients can look forward to living in the local culture and eating the local cuisine; Limitless Horizons rejects the concept of the Coca-Cola trek.
Our representatives are constantly traveling in order to update and check our information. These trips are funded solely by Limitless Horizons. We pay our way, accepting no handouts for free flights, thus ensuring that the only factors influencing our advice to you are your needs and those of the area you wish to visit.
resort verb
resort to something phrasal verb
to do something bad, extreme, or difficult because you cannot think of any other way to deal with a problem采用, 使用(手段); 诉诸(法律)
Officials fear that extremists may resort to violence. 官员们担忧极端分子会采取暴力手段。
resort to doing something
Vets have had to resort to killing the animals. 兽医们不得不采取灭杀动物的办法。
resort noun [countable]
1 a place where a lot of people go for holidays 度假胜地
seaside/beach/ski etc resort 海边/沙滩/滑雪胜地
Aspen, a ski resort in Colorado 阿斯潘，位于科罗拉多州的滑雪胜地
2 last/final resort
what you will do if everything else fails 最后一招
as a last resort
Drug treatment should only be used as a last resort. 药物治疗只能是最后的方法。
of last resort
a weapon of last resort 最后使用武器
in the last resort
British English
Economic sanctions will be used only in the last resort. 经济制裁是能是最后的办法。
3 resort to something
formal when you must use or depend on something because nothing better is available
without resort to something诉诸
We hope they will be able to resolve the situation without resort to force. 我们希望他们能够在不诉诸武力的情况下解决这个局面。
retreat verb [intransitive]
▶ARMY◀
to move away from the enemy after being defeated in battle 撤退
ￚopposite advance
The rebels retreated to the mountains.
They were attacked and forced to retreat.
▶MOVE BACK◀ written
a) to move away from someone or something 离开
He saw her and retreated, too shy to speak to her.
retreat to/from/into etc
It was not a conscious choice to retreat from public life.
b) if an area of water, snow, or land retreats, it gradually gets smaller 水、雪或土地等缩小、下降
The flood waters are slowly retreating. 洪水慢慢地退去。
▶CHANGE YOUR MIND◀
written to decide not to do something you were planning to do, because it was unpopular or too difficult 撤回决定
retreat from
The Canadian government has retreated from a plan to kill 300 wolves. 加拿大政府决定撤回屠宰300只狼的计划。
▶QUIET PLACE◀
to go away to a place that is quiet or safe 前往一个安静、安全的地方
retreat from/into/to
After the noise of the city he was glad to retreat to his hotel room. 在经历了城市的喧嚣之后，他非常高兴可以住进这间饭店的房间。
impartial adjective
not involved in a particular situation, and therefore able to give a fair opinion or piece of advice 公平的
ￚsynonym fair
ￚopposite biased
We offer impartial advice on tax and insurance. 我们针对税收和保险为您提供公正的建议。
an impartial observer 公正的观察家
trek noun [countable]
1 a long and difficult journey, made especially on foot as an adventure 徒步长途行进
ￚsynonym hike
a lonely trek through the forest 穿越森林的独自行程
2 informal a distance that seems long when you walk it 长途
I’m afraid it’s a bit of a trek to the station.
handout noun [countable]
1 money or goods that are given to someone, for example because they are poor 施舍物，救济品
people who have to live on handouts from the state 必须靠国家的救济生存的人
a cash handout 现金救济
2 a piece of paper with information, which is given to people who are attending a lesson, meeting etc上课、会议用的材料
Please read the handout.
Time expressions
IV. Time expressions
点时间的表达------引出时间的介词at
(一)12小时制
(1) 直接念
8.09 eight oh nine
9.57 nine fifty-seven
(2) 整点的表达
9 o’clock // nine
9 sharp
sharp做副词举例：
at ten-thirty/2 o’clock etc sharp=at exactly 10.30, 2.00 etc
We’re meeting at one-thirty sharp.
(3) 12小时制的上午和下午
0-12: am 12-24: pm
凌晨3点 3 am, 上午8点 8 am, 下午5点 5 pm, 晚上11点 11 pm
12点: at noon 24点: at midnight
(4) to/past
to/past: 分钟to/past 小时
比如：8:57 (three to nine)
9.03 (three past nine)
(5) 半点的表达
half past… / …thirty (请比较: two and a half hours)
(6) 一刻的表达
a quarter past…, a quarter to…(也可以表达成three quarters past…)
(二)24小时制---timetables
不要am/pm: 15 pm (×) 15.00 15:00
不用to/past 15.06 (fifteen oh six)
英国英语整点的表达：fifteen hundred hours
The train leaves (departs) at fifteen hundred hours.
日期的表达
(1) 请区分: day 与date
Day:
Monday (Mon.) Tuesday (Tue.) Wednesday (Wed.)
Thursday (Thur //Thurs.) Friday (Fri.) Saturday (Sat.) Sunday (Sun.)
Date:
January 3, 2005 (应读做: January the third two thousand and five)
British English英国英语US English美国英语
Spoken
表达the twenty-sixth of October
October the twenty-sixth
twenty-sixth October
October twenty-sixth
Written
书写文字形式：26(th) October
October 26(th)
数字形式：26/10/01文字形式：26(th) October
数字形式：10/26/01
从上面可以看出，英国英语表达时间通常是日、月、年的结构，美国英语是先说月份，然后是日期，最后是年份。这点请大家注意。
说明：
1.在书写日期时，可以将表示序数词标志的st, nd, rd 或者th省略掉。这里也建议大家不要写出来，因为有很多人在书写时会将它们混淆。比如正确的写法是：
1号1st
21号21st
31号31st
2号2nd
22号22nd
3号3rd
那么，11号、12号和13号怎么写呢?有很多人自认为已经搞明白了，就自作主张，大笔一挥写成是11st、12nd和13rd了。其实
11号11 th (eleventh)
12号12th (twelfth)
13号13th (thirteenth)
2.在阅读日期时，如果写成日月的顺序，英国英语的读法是读出定冠词the和介词of来。但是在书写时一定要注意不要写出来。同样道理，如果写成是月日的顺序的话，在口语表达时，要读出定冠词the来，但是书写时就没有了。
Oral practice
V. Oral Practice
u What do you think are the most important qualifications when working in China?
ü 思路拓展
driver’s licence, English proficiency certificate, professional certificate, computer-literate certificate, post-graduate diploma, further education overseas
ü 实践操作
There are a number of important qualifications which may facilitate job hunters to find jobs. First, it is important to obtain certificates which can demonstrate candidates’ skills. Such certificates include a driver’s licence, an English proficiency certificate, and a computer-literate certificate. Besides, higher level of education background will guarantee more prosperous job prospects. Such qualifications mean at least a bachelor degree, or better still a post-graduate diploma from an overseas university. Most importantly, professional staff should also have professional certificates. For example, a person who intends to fill a lawyer role has to be equipped with a lawyer licence. An accountant who intends to work in four big accountancy firms should acquire a chartered accountant certificate.
Product Promotion: how to make effective use of the media when promoting a new product or service
ü 思路拓展
channel of media: TV, newspapers, magazines, radio
coverage: national, regional, local
time: peak hours, off-peak hours
budget and quotation
reputation of the media
frequency: daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly
ü 话语连接
When running advertising campaigns, companies should, first of all, think about which type of media is forceful.
Also, companies should make sure that at what time your advertisement may broadcast, at peak hours or off-peak hours.
Therefore, companies should have their budgets keeping in mind and measure your budget against TV stations’ quotations.
There are still further factors that will differentiate the results of effective advertising campaigns.
ü 实践操作
Customers are now finding it difficult to distinguish between myriad similar products and services. Therefore, manufacturers and vendors should make full use of advertising campaigns to make their products and services renowned and convince customers that their products and services are quality and reliable. When running advertising campaigns, companies should, first of all, think about which type of media is forceful. In most cases, TV commercials are popular and usually give positive feedback. Next, companies should decide a local TV station, a regional TV station or a national one based on the target market. Also, companies should make sure that at what time your advertisement may broadcast, at peak hours or off-peak hours. Definitely, different hours means disparity of audience reach and, more importantly, charges. Therefore, companies should have their budgets keeping in mind and measure your budget against TV stations’ quotations. There are still further factors that will differentiate the results of effective advertising campaigns.
Business passage reading
VI. Business Passage Reading.
(1)
Famous for its Windows operating system, Microsoft is the world’s No. 1 software company. With sales of over $3 billion, it’s growing fast but the corporate culture remains strong. So, what’s it like to work there?
Hard work
Complaining about how hard you work at Microsoft is like complaining about the weather in Seattle. Everyone is overworked. Microsoft deliberately understaffs its product teams because it saves money, helps communication and encourages the fighting spirits.
Fun
Microsoft encourages individuality, and there are plenty of eccentric characters on the staff.
Tough
Microsoft employees are well-informed, logical and thick-skinned. They’ve got to be able to stand up for themselves when their bosses criticize them.
Frugal
The pay may be good but there are no fancy expense accounts. Bill Gates, the CEO, is one of the richest men in America but he still flies economy class to Japan. Recently his administrative assistant was rushed off his feet by phone calls and letters and asked if he could hire someone to help out. “Who am I, the Queen?” asked Gates.
Challenging
Authority is pushed down through the ranks. Microsoft picks and chooses recruits from the graduates of the elite universities and business schools, then gives them lots of responsibility straight away.
Competitive
Microsoft has been beaten in some markets by more sharply-focused competitors, but they keep fighting. They may get it wrong several times before they get it right but they never give up.
Pictures
A: Sons of software engineer David Norris play with interactive TV while waiting to pick up their dad after work
B: Software tester Tony Ting refuels with some caffé latte.
C: The courtyard recreation area with software engineer Alistair Sutherland and his pet snake, Zsa Zsa.
D: A rubber chicken hangs from art director Mark McPhee’s desk.
E: Product support engineer Doug Shepard answers users questions over the phone.
eccentric adjective behaving in a way that is unusual and different from most people
His eccentric behaviour lost him his job.
Aunt Nessy was always a bit eccentric.
stand up for somebody/something phrasal verb
to support or defend a person or idea when they are being attacked 支持，保卫
It’s time we stood up for our rights.
Silvia is capable of standing up for herself.
frugal adjective
1 careful to buy only what is necessary 精打细算的
ￚopposite extravagant
As children we were taught to be frugal and hard-working.
He led a remarkably frugal existence.
2 a frugal meal is a small meal of plain food
ￚsynonym simple
ￚopposite extravagant
a frugal breakfast
ￚfrugally adverb
ￚfrugality noun [uncountable]
fancy adjective
comparative fancier superlative fanciest
1 fancy hotels, restaurants, cars etc are expensive and fashionable
ￚsynonym swanky
Harry took me to a fancy restaurant for our anniversary.
fancy prices British English (=very high and often unreasonable prices)
2 having a lot of decoration or bright colours, or made in a complicated way
fancy soaps in seashell shapes
I just want a basic sports coat - nothing fancy .
3 complicated and needing a lot of skill
ￚopposite straightforward
I can’t do all that fancy stuff on the computer.
Negotiating a deal can take some fancy footwork (=skill at making deals).
4 [only before noun] American English fancy food is of a high quality
rushed adjective
1 done very quickly or too quickly, because there was not enough time
We did have a meeting, but it was a bit rushed.
2 British English if you are rushed, you are very busy because you have a lot of things to do quickly
I’ll talk to you later - I’m a bit rushed at the moment.
I’ve been rushed off my feet (=extremely busy) all day.
push ▶INCREASE/DECREASE◀
[transitive always + adverb/preposition] to increase or decrease an amount, value, or number
push something up/down
Slow sales have pushed down orders.
push something higher/lower
New technology has pushed the cost of health care even higher.
refuel verb
past tense and past participle refuelled present participle refuelling British English
past tense and past participle refueled present participle refueling American English
1 [intransitive and transitive] to fill a plane or vehicle with fuel before continuing a journey
The plane was refuelled in Dubai.
2 [transitive] to make feelings, emotions, or ideas stronger
The attack refuelled fears of war.
(2)
Foreign firms boost ad budgets
gAdvertising
Sidney Luk
Advertising expenditure in the mainland surged 31.51 per cent to 261.4 billion yuan last year, as multinational companies ramped up their marketing.
A study by Nielsen Media Research released yesterday found that five of the 10 most advertised products last year were backed by foreign companies, three more than previously. Procter & Gamble (P&G) brands Olay, Crest and Head & Shoulders topped the list, along with Rejoice and Colgate.
“This indicates an increasing competition between foreign and local brands,” said Nielsen’s Asia-Pacific managing director, Forrest Didier.
“In 2003, ad spending was dominated by local players. Last year, it was foreign firms. We expect the competition to intensify as foreign brands step up marketing efforts ahead of the Beijing Olympics in 2008,” Mr Didier said.
P&G, the United States maker of more than 300 household, beauty and health care products, was the top bidder in the annual auction for prime-time advertising space on China Central Television (CCTV).
The company’s CCTV advertising commitments total a record 385.15 million yuan for this year, including 110 million yuan earmarked for the sponsorship of television dramas.
P&G has plans to develop new markets in central and western China while consolidating its presence along the prosperous coastline.
Facial cleanser Olay was the most advertised product for the second consecutive year, having had 5.78 billion yuan spent on its promotion, up 104.16 per cent over 2003.
The brand accounted for 2.21 per cent of the country’s total advertising spending, which climbed to 261.4 billion yuan from 198.76 billion yuan in 2003.
Television remained the most popular advertising medium, accounting for 75.92 per cent of total spending.
Spending on newspaper rose 29.72 per cent to 57.86 billion yuan while magazine advertising was up 27.36 per cent at 5.06 billion yuan.
Nielsen also found that professional services mainly private hospitals and medical-service providers and consulting firms had aggressively boosted their marketing budgets.
ramp verb
ramp something ↔ up phrasal verb
1 to try to persuade people that a company’s shares are worth more than they really are
To ramp up a share price during a takeover bid is unacceptable.
2 if a company ramps up an activity, it increases it持续增加
Producers can quickly ramp up production.
ￚramp-up noun [countable usually singular]
step something ↔ up phrasal verb
to increase the amount of an activity or the speed of a process in order to improve a situation逐步提高，加速，增加
The health department is stepping up efforts to reduce teenage smoking.
stepped-up security at airports
earmark verb [transitive usually passive]
to decide that something will be used for a particular purpose or have something done to it in the future 指定(款项等)作特定用途
earmark somebody/something for something
85% of foreign aid is earmarked by Congress for specific purposes.
schools earmarked for closure
earmark somebody/something as something
He had been earmarked as a potential leader.
cleanser noun [uncountable and countable] 清洁剂(如区五分、洁肤霜)
1 a substance used for removing dirt or make-up from your face
2 a substance containing chemicals that is used for cleaning surfaces inside a house, office etc
cream cleanser for the bathroom