列举特征式论证法

　　指出某事物发生或者生存的征候或者迹象。例如：

　　论点：The child has chickenpox.

　　论据：The child has red spots.

　　推理依据：These spots are signs of chickenpox.

　　类比论证法

　　用我们已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比较，并用前者的情况解释者 的情况。分为三种：纵向类比(过去的事物同现在的、同一类事物的类比)、横向类比(同一 时期、同一事物之间的类比)、比喻式类比(不同类别事物之间的类比)。例如：

　　1.纵向类比(Historical analogy)

　　论点：Many people will die of SARS.

　　论据：Many people died of the Black Death.

　　推理依据：SARS and Black Death are similar.

　　2.横向类比(Literal analogy)

　　论点：China should have its fighter carriers.

　　论据：A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet.

　　推理依据：The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison.

　　3.比喻式类比(Metaphorical analogy)

　　论点：Reading a difficult book should take time.

　　论据：Digesting a large metal takes time.

　　推理依据：Reading and eating are sufficiently alike to be compared.